PATH 3610 - Unit 1 (Cell Death)

Lesion

structural change; cut, pimple, bruise, etc.

Pathogenesis

how a lesion developsU

Ulcer

open sore on internal/external surface of the body

Degeneration

type of injury, cells are not yet dead, can lead to cell death, reversible

Cell Death

type of injury, process of death, irreversible

Stimulus

good outcome (ex. running release endorphins), causes adaptation and is reversible

Injury

bad outcome, causes degeneration or death, can be reversible or irreversible

Stimulus vs. Injury

depends on duration, severity, and physiological state

Hypertrophy

an adaptation to stimulus, cells get bigger and is possible in ALL cells; skeletal muscle, heart, organs with no stem cells

Hyperplasia

an adaptation to stimulus, cells proliferate, can be labile or stable cells (only with active stem cells); skin, bone marrow

Permanent Cells

cells that only undergo hypertrophy, already fully differentiated (no stem cells); neurons, cardiac myocyte, skeletal myocyte

Stable Cells

have inactive stem cells, can divide when injured; liver, kidney, major organs, fibrous tissue

Labile Cells

cells with active stem cells; skin, stomach lining, intestine, bone marrow

Cytotoxic Chemotherapy

cancer treatment, targets labile cells which is why it causes hair loss (epithelial labile cells), bone marrow changes, GI issues

Regeneration

type of healing, when the body replaces lost cells, the body chooses this first always

Growth Factors

factors that send cells into the cell cycle, can be positive or negative

Embryonic Stem Cells

pluripotent (immature), can produce any cell in the body (often found in bone marrow)

Adult Stem Cells

when they divide, they can only produce cells in that area, can be reverted back to embryonic stem cells

Necrosis

process of death

Accidental Cell Death

traumatic death; animal hit by car, burn, cut, etc.

Regulated Cell Death

anything other than accidental cell death, including programmed cell death, cell death pathways (found in every cell)

Oncotic Necrosis

Type 3, hydropic cell death, swelling

Coagulative Necrosis

cell stays the same (dead cells look the same as alive ones)

Apoptotic Cell Death

Type 1, cell shrinks, taken up by neighbouring cells/macrophages