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Card/o, cardi/o
Heart
Blood vessels
Angi/o
Vas/o
Blood vessels
Arteri/o
Arteries
Capill/o
Capillaries
Phleb/o
Veins
Ven/o
Veins
Hem/o, hemat/o
Blood
Aort/o
Aorta
Ather/o
Plaque, fatty substance
Brady-
Slow
Within
End/o
Peri-
Surrounding
-sclerosis
Hardening
Tachy-
Fast, rapid
Thromb/o
Clot
ACE inhibitor
Used to treat hypertension
Blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract
Anemia
A disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of erythrocytes in the blood
Aneurysm
A localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
Angina
A condition characterized by severe episodes of chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
Angioplasty
A procedure that mechanically widens a narrow or obstructed blood vessel, sometimes placing a stent to keep the vessel open permanently
Anticoagulant
Blood thinner, stops blood clotting
Aortic stenosis
A buildup of calcium and fat deposits in the aortic valve
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
Atherectomy
The surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
Atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque
Atrial fibrillation
Occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by irregular twitching of the heart muscular wall
Beta blocker
Reduces the workload of the heart by blocking the stress release of hormones, slowing heart rate
Bradycardia
An abnormally slow resting heart rate
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels in the body, only one epithelial cell in width
Slow blood flow to allow plasma to flow into tissues
Connect arteries to veins
Site of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
Cardiac arrest
An event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
Cardiac catheterization
A diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed through a vein or artery and guided to the heart
Cardiomyopathy
General term for all diseases of the heart muscle
Carotid endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery
Cholesterol
A fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
Chronic venous insufficiency
A condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leaky venous valves
Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle
Coronary thrombosis
Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
Defibrillation
Use of an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm
Diastole
The period of relaxation as the heart chambers refill with blood
Diuretic
An antihypertensive medication administered to increase urine output to rid the body of excess sodium and water
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
A record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
Electrophysiologist
A physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of heart arrhythmias
Embolism
The sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
Embolus
A foreign object, such as a blood clot or a bit of tissue/tumor, that is circulating in the blood
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Erythrocytes
Mature red blood cells
Heart murmur
An abnormal blowing or clicking sound when listening to the heart or major neighboring blood vessel
Hemoglobin
Oxygen-carrying blood protein
Pigment of erythrocytes
Hypertension
Elevation of arterial blood pressure that can be damaging to the cardiovascular system
Hypoperfusion
A deficiency of blood passing through an organ
Ischemia
A condition in which there is insufficient supply of oxygen due to restricted blood flow to an organ
Long QT syndrome
An inherited or medically acquired heart rhythm disorder that can cause fast, dangerous arrhythmias
Mitral valve prolapse
The abnormal profusion of a mitral valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely
Myocardial infarction
The occlusion of one or more coronary arteries due to plaque buildup, leading to heart tissue damage
Orthostatic hypotension
Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up and remains lower than normal as long as the patient remains standing
Pericardium
The double-walled membranous sac that surrounds the heart
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
Raynaud’s disease
A peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are caused by cold temperatures or stress
Sinoatrial node
Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
Establishes the basic rhythm and rate of heart beat (natural pacemaker!)
Systole
The period of contraction that the ventricles undergo while pumping blood into the aorta and the pulmonary artery
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast resting heart rate
Temporal arteritis
Caused by the inflammation of the temporal arteries supplying blood to the head and brain
Thallium stress test
Nuclear imaging test performed by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream to evaluate how well the blood flows through the coronary arteries during exercise
Thrombolytic
Drug that causes a blood clot to dissolve
Thrombotic occlusion
Blockage of an artery by a thrombus
Thrombus
A blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
Varicose veins
Abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs
Venous thromboembolism
A blood clot that originates in a vein
Ventricular fibrillation
Rapid, irregular, useless contraction of the ventricles
Ventricular tachycardia
Very rapid heartbeat that begins with the ventricles
Parietal pericardium
Outer wall of the pericardium
Pericardial fluid
Fluid found between the two layers of the pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epipericardium)
The inner layer of the pericardium that forms the outer layer of the heart
Myocardium
Middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers
Consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that is responsible for maintaining blood flow throughout the body
Endocardium
Inner layer of the heart that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart
Coronary arteries
The arteries that encircle the heart
Carry oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
Atria
The two upper chambers of the heart separated by a septum
The receiving chambers of the heart
Ventricles
The two lower chambers of the heart separated by the a septum
Pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
Tricuspid valve
Controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Controls the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle
Aortic valve
Controls the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta
Flow of blood through the heart
Deoxygenated blood flows into right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava
Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary artery into the lungs
Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins
Left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood from left atrium through aorta to the rest of the body
Pulmonary circulation
Blood circulation between the heart and lungs only
Systemic circulation
Blood flow to all body parts except the lungs
Flow of electrical impulses
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of His
Ventricle contracts
Purkinje fibers
Conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles that stimulate ventricular contraction when an electrical impulse is received
Sinus rhythm
Normal heart rhythm
P wave
Due to contraction of atria
QRS complex
Shows the stimulation of the ventricles as the atria relax
Shaped like an inverted V on an EKG
T wave
Shows relaxation of ventricles
Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
Carotid arteries
Carry blood upward toward the head
Arterioles
Smaller branches of arteries that supply blood to the capillaries
Veins
Return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
Venae cavae
The two largest veins in the body
Superior vena cava
Returns oxygen-poor blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart
Inferior vena cava
Returns oxygen-poor blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
Pulse
Rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart