AP Euro Time Period 2

Absolutism

Monarchs consolidating all state power under themselves for governance

Constitutionalism

Government limited by rule of law, sharing power with a representative body

Louis XIV

French monarch epitomizing absolutism, known for 'L'etat, c'est moi'

Intendant System

Bureaucratic agents enforcing monarch's policies in various districts

Palace of Versailles

Symbol of Louis XIV's power, where nobles were relocated for control

Edict of Nantes

Decree granting religious tolerance revoked by Louis XIV

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Finance minister implementing mercantilist policies in France

Peter the Great

Russian tsar modernizing Russia through westernization and reforms

Table of Ranks

Hierarchy of ranks for nobles introduced by Peter the Great

Holy Synod

Reorganized Russian Orthodox Church under Peter the Great's control

English Civil War

Conflict between king, parliament, and elites over power roles

Oliver Cromwell

Leader in English Civil War, established a military dictatorship

Protectorate

England under Cromwell's military dictatorship after the civil war

Restoration Period

Return of monarchy in England after the Protectorate

James II

English king whose actions led to the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful transition of power to William and Mary in England

English Bill of Rights

Legislation granting parliament power over monarch in England

Dutch Republic

Wealthy European commercial empire with an oligarchic government

Balance of Power

European strategy to prevent dominance by maintaining equal strength

Partition of Poland

Division of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria to maintain balance

William of Orange

Dutch Protestant leader who rid the Netherlands of Spanish influence

State's General

Oligarchic ruling body in the Dutch Republic representing provinces

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty ending the 30 Years War and establishing the Dutch Republic

Philip II of Spain

Catholic ruler who tried to control the Netherlands, leading to rebellion

Calvinism

Protestant doctrine, prevalent in the Netherlands during the period

Atlantic Trade

Trade route that contributed to the prosperity of the Dutch Republic

Protestantism

Religious movement that opposed Catholicism, prominent in the Netherlands

Constitutional Monarchy

Monarchy limited by laws and a constitution

Habsburg Rulers

Spanish rulers who controlled the Netherlands before Dutch independence

Oligarchy

Government ruled by a small group of people

Balance of Power in Europe

Maintaining equal strength among European nations to prevent dominance

Battle of Vienna

1683 battle where European powers defended against the Ottoman Empire

Peaceful Transfer of Power

Change in leadership without violence or bloodshed

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs derive their authority from God

Dutch Protestants

Followers of Protestantism in the Netherlands

Spanish Influence

Control exerted by Spain over the Netherlands

Dutch Wealth

Prosperity of the Dutch Republic due to trade and commerce

Ottoman Empire

Massive in 17th century, held possessions in southeastern Europe.

War of Spanish Succession

European nations fought to prevent France-Spain union under Louis XIV's throne.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended War of Spanish Succession, stipulated France-Spain remain separate entities.

Gustavus Adolphus

Built massive professional army during 30 Years War, influenced military expansion.

Agricultural Revolution

Major farming innovations, increased food supply, introduced new technologies.

Enclosure Movement

Reduced land available to farmers, pushed many to urban areas for industrial work.

Three Field System

Rotated crops, left a third of land fallow yearly for soil replenishment.

Crop Rotation

Alternated grain crops with nutrient-restoring crops like potatoes and clover.

Jethro Tull's Seed Drill

Planted seeds at exact intervals, covered them with dirt efficiently.

Mechanical Hoe

Increased efficiency in removing weeds from soil.

Cast Iron Plow

Dug furrows efficiently, had interchangeable parts for easier repair.

Colombian Exchange

Introduced new crops, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas.

Potato

Key food for peasants, nutritious, and cheap to grow

Guilds

Traditional worker groups controlling prices before labor shifts

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing goods in homes before factory dominance

Putting Out System

Merchants outsourcing production to various workers

Factories

Centralized manufacturing buildings for increased production

Water Frame

Invention powering textile production using moving water

Division of Labor

Specialization in tasks within factory walls for efficiency

Insurance Industry

Providing security for entrepreneurs against catastrophic losses

Specialty Banks

Institutions offering venture capital for business ventures

Mercantilism

State-driven economic system aiming for a favorable balance of trade

Triangular Trade

Trade routes involving Africa, the Caribbean, and North America

Enslaved Labor

Forced African laborers in colonial plantations due to increased demand

Consumer Culture

Growing trend of increased buying due to lower prices

Cardinal Richelieu

Transformed Huguenots into reliable subjects and sent out intendants to carry out royal orders.

Cardinal Mazarin

Tried to carry on Richelieu’s policies after his death.

Fronde 1

Nobles from Parliament of Paris wanted power back.

Fronde 2

Medieval nobles wanted power back.

Edict of Fontainebleau

Destructed protestant churches and schools.

Peace of Nimwegen

Ended Louis’ invasion of the United Provinces was stopped by Brandenburg, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.

James I

First Stuart monarch who believed in divine right monarchy.

Charles I

Son of James I and the king during the English Civil War. Rule was absolutist and very similar to his father.

Charles II

Monarch after the Civil War who allowed Parliament to have power.

Test Acts

Law that ensured anyone holding a government office in England was an Anglican.

Toleration Act

Gave all Protestants freedom of religion and was a stepping stone towards complete freedom of religion.

Scientific Revolution

Period challenging prevailing views with empirical evidence.

Geocentric Model

Ancient belief with Earth at the center of the universe.

Heliocentric Model

Concept placing the Sun at the center of the solar system.

Nicolas Copernicus

Scientist proposing the heliocentric model of the universe.

Johannes Kepler

Scientist proving planets orbit the Sun in ellipses.

Galileo Galilei

Scientist using a telescope to observe celestial bodies.

Empirical Research

Knowledge acquisition through observation and experimentation.

Francis Bacon

Advocate of inductive reasoning in scientific research.

Rene Descartes

Champion of deductive reasoning and Cartesian dualism.

Deism

Belief in a distant, non-intervening creator God.

Salon

Gathering for intellectuals to discuss and spread new ideas.

Enlightened Absolutism

Monarchs adopting Enlightenment ideas for governance.

Frederick II of Prussia

Enlightened monarch reforming Prussia's legal system.

Catherine II of Russia

Enlightened monarch reforming Russia's penal system.

Separation of Church and State

John Locke's principle advocating religious freedom from state control.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French document proclaiming religious freedom for citizens.

Charter of Towns

Catherine the Great's decree granting civil liberties to Jews in Russia.

Second-class citizens

Jews during Catherine's rule, not equal in status

Population Increase

Rapid rise due to lower death rates and higher birth rates

Black Death

Bubonic plague killing many in the 14th century

Smallpox Vaccine

Edward Jenner's innovation reducing smallpox deaths

Thomas Malthus

Warned of population outstripping food supply

Agricultural Revolution

Series of events improving farming and food production

Crop Rotation

Planting different crops to maintain soil fertility

Selective Breeding

Improving livestock quality by mating the best animals

Jethro Tull's Seed Drill

Precision planting for increased crop yields

European Marriage Pattern

Shift to nuclear families, delaying marriages