Chapter 10- Cardiovascular, Immune, & Lymphatic

heart

muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum and between the lungs

what are the two smaller upper chambers of the heart?

right atrium and left atrium

what are the two larger lower chambers of the heart?

right ventricle and left ventricle

atrial septum

separates the atria of the heart

ventricular septum

separates the ventricles of the heart

atrioventricular valves

consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and left atrium and left ventricle, respectively

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and aorta, respectively

pericardium

two layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer

epicardium

outer lining covering the heart; also part of the pericardium

two layers of internal serous layer

outer layer (parietal pericardium) and inner layer (called epicardium)

myocardium

middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

blood vessels

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

pulmonary artery

carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs

arterioles

smallest arteries

aorta

largest artery in the body, which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen

veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

venules

smallest veins

venae cavae

largest veins in the body- inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm

superior vena cava

returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body

capillaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules

hematopoiesis

process where stem cells in the bone marrow develop into different types of blood

blood

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; composed of plasma and formed elements such as erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes

plasma

clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended (90% water)

serum

clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

cells (formed elements)

production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside some bones

erythrocytes

red blood cells that carry oxygen

leukocytes

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation

thrombocytes

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (also called platelets)

lymph

transparent, colorless, tissue fluid; contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in one way direction towards the heart

lymphatic vessels

transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into superior vena cava

lymph nodes

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue

spleen

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and diaphragm. largest lymphatic organ in the body- blood flows through and is cleansed of microorganisms

thymus gland

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs.

digital subtraction angiography (DSG)

process of digital rediographic imaging of the blood vessels that subtracts or removes structures not being studied

doppler ultrasound

study that uses high frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels

sestamibi test

nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a gamma camera rotates around the patient, generates three dimensional images

transesophagael echocardiogram (TEE)

ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus- more direct view

cardiac catheterization

diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels

exercise stress test

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking a treadmill

blood pressure (BP)

pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls

pulse

contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip.

sphymomanometer

device used to measure blood pressure

C-reactive protein (CRP)

blood test to measure the amount of c-reactive protein in the blood, which elevated indicated inflammation in the body

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

blood test used to measure level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis

lipid profile

blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in the blood

troponin

blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. may indicate MI

bruit

sound heard over an artery during ausultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow

murmur

unusual sound heard during ausultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow

occlusion

closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions

defibrillation

application of electric shock to the myocardium through chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

anemia

condition in which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes

bleeding disorder

disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots

hemophilia

inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

leukemia

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes formed in the bone marrow

sepsis

systemic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the bloodstream and multiplying

sickle cell disease

group of inherited red blood cell disorders where hemoglobin is abnormally shaped and has a shorter life cycle

thalassemia

inherited bleeding disorder causing reduced production of healthy blood cells and hemoglobin

bone marrow aspiration

procedure to obtain a sample of the liquid portion of bone marrow, usually from the ilium for study

bone marrow biopsy

procedure to obtain a sample of the solid portion of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing intrinsic blood factors

bleeding profile

series of tests that measure the ability of various factors in the blood to form a clot

complete blood count with differential (CBC with diff)

lab test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

hematocrit

percentage of a blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes

hemoglobin (Hgb)

blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood

prothrombin time (PT/INR)

blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing extrinsic blood factors

peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT)

infusion of blood forming cells to replace blood cells damaged by disease or treatments, such as chemotherapy

perfusionist

person who operates the heart-lug machine during surgeries where the patients blood must be oxygenated outside of the body

phlebotomist

person who performs venipuncture for the purpose of drawing blood or injecting IV fluids

anticoagulant

agent that slows down clotting process

blood dyscrasia

any abnormal or pathogenic condition of the blood

extravasation

escape of blood or other fluid from a vessel in the tissue

venipuncture

procedure to punture a vein with a needle to remove blood etc

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

angina pectoris

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when their is insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

arrhythmia

any disturbance or abnormality in the hearts normal rhythmic pattern

cardiac arrest

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, requires CPR

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

coronary artery disease (CAD)

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally

cor pulmonale

enlargement of the hearts right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body

fibrillation

rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles cauding cardiac arrhythmia

heart failure (HF)

condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (also called CHF)

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure

intermittent claudication

condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then completely resolves when a patient is at rest

mitral valve stenosis

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

myocardial infarction (MI)

death of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery (also called PVD)

rheumatic heart disease

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

varicose veins

distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

artificial cardiac pacemaker

battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one too slow

automatic implantable cardiac defribrillator (AICD)

device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm

catheter ablation

procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed using a device that heats or freezes the cells

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries