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Doric
Basic column design that lacked bases
Ionic
Columns had bases and a spiral decoration at the top (volute).
Corinthian
Complex column with bases and an elaborate, often floral design on the volute (top).
Vases
Vases were practical to transport/store items, but also were decorated. They often depicted daily life in black on red (black-figure) or red on black paint (red-figure).
Greek Art
Often depicted Arete (excellence) during the classical period. Sculptures were more life-like.
Role of Women
Women were to be married and to be mothers, represented by the goddess, Hera.
Hera
Greek goddess that depicted the prime example of a Greek woman’s role.
Artemis/Athena
Greek goddesses, contrary to the role of Greek women.
Herodotus
Considered the father of history, he traveled to many places. He wrote about the Greco-Persian wars. Many believed he was not credible since he wrote down whatever people would tell him. He aimed for those in the future to determine true from false.
Thucydides
An Athenian general that recorded the Peloponnesian War. He believed in the incorporation of drama, so he would often insert speeches into other people’s mouths.
Xenophon
Athenian historian that picked up where Thucydides left off. He also wrote the Anabasis, which detailed Greek participation in a Persian civil war, led by Cyrus.
Greek Theater
Drama as we know it today appeared, often depicting tragedy or comedy. Plays were performed by all-male casts. Many tragedies were political commentary.
Aristophanes
Greek playwright that wrote works such as Lysistra, Clouds, and The Birds.
Aiskhylos
Wrote about the curse of the House of Atreus (Orestia trilogy). The plays were Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Furies.
Sophokles
Wrote the Oedipus trilogy: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus Colonnus, and Antigone, all about tragedies of ancient legends of Thebes.
Euripides
Most famous work is Medeia; about a scorned wife who seeks revenge on her husband.Â
Philosophy
Means “love of wisdom”. Philosophy increasingly focused on abstract thoughts, as well as truth or meaning of living.
Sophist
Teachers of philosophy
Socrates
He was an egalitarian, and believed only the wealthy and educated should be in rule. This was because he believed the wealthy had more to lose, and should strive for success. Because of his beliefs, he was largely unpopular.
Plato
A student of Socrates, he believed that there should be a highly educated head of the government assisted in leading by educated elites (his Republic). He also focused on ideas based on character and good ethics. He also founded The Academy, and wrote The Republic.
Aristotle
A student of Plato, he believed that everything and everyone had a set purpose in their life. He also believed that the power should belong to the rich and educated. He was one of Alexander the Great’s teachers.
Cynics
A philosopher of plain and simple living, he abandoned all traditional aspects of life like loyalty to the city.
Diogenes
Gave up all worldly traditions. He believed in the reality of human beings only coming out when they had nothing to hide.
Epikouros
He believed that life was short, so you should live it to the fullest (live wisely, honorably, and justly).
Zeno and the Stoics
The only way to live a pain-free life was to have moderation of all things. Believed the universe was guided by logos, or the divine reason.
Hellenistic
Greek-like, or Greek-influenced.
Macedonia
Differed from the rest of Greece in the fact that they retained a monarchy. They were considered outcasts as other city-states viewed them as non-Greek, despite them being able to participate in the Olympic Games (as well as Hercules being the kings’ ancestor).
Philip II
One of the most prominent leaders of Macedon, he used marriage and treaties to create diplomatic relationships and expand his empire. He learned the Theban military tactics while hostage. He improved the hoplites by adding cavalry.
Sarisa
Longer type of spear added to the Macedonian phalanx.
Isocrates
Athenian political figure that believed they should join Macedon instead of Thebes.
Demosthenes
Argued that Athens should join Thebes since he believed Philip was evil.
Battle of Chaeronea
Macedon fights Thebes allied with Athens, led by Philip II. Macedon destroys the independence of Greek City-States.
Alexander the Great
Son of Philip II, he conquered most of the known world under the Macedonian empire. He was a great military leader, however he was an early alcoholic and egotistical.
Granicus River
Alexander is outnumbered, but Darius of Persia underestimates Alexander. Alexander then outmaneuvers the Persian forces and wins.
Issos
Darius tries to use the full Persian army, but Alexander still outmaneuvers him and wins. Darius flees after every battle.
Tyre
____ was considered the unsiegeable city due to its island refuge off the coast. It took Alexander 18 months to siege it. He had to build a bridge to the island.
Gaugamela
Darius brings his whole army as well as his family to the Persian camp. He loses, and flees again back to Persepolis. He was executed by Persian nobles after returning to Persepolis. Alexander arrives at Persepolis and wipes out noble families because he believed only a king should kill a king.
Hydaspes
Alexander arrives in India and faces an Indian king. He had the lower ground, so he had to cross the wide river at night and lost some men to drowning. He eventually defeated the king. After this battle, his men refused to fight and wanted to go home. Alexander died shortly after on the way home from sickness or poisoning.
Diadokhoi
Five of Alexander’s generals that fought in a Macedonian civil war for rulership. Out of them, three groups emerged; the Antigonids (Macedon), the Ptolemies (Egypt), and the Seleucids (Syria/eastern provinces).
Antigonids
Maintained Greek traditions to please the Greek people, remained in Macedon.
Ptolemies
Led originally by Alexander’s general, Ptolemy. Ruled Egypt from Alexandria and adopted many Egyptian traditions (royal incest and divine kingship). Their kings afterwards were Philadelphos (sibling-loving), Eurgetes (benefactor), and Philopator (father-loving, believed to have murdered his father).
Ptolemy Architecture
The huge lighthouse at Alexandria (considered a wonder of the world) was built. They also created a huge library, attracting many scholars.
Eratosthenes
Mapmaker who calculated the circumference of the earth with only a small percent of error. Proved the earth was round.
Archimedes
Mathematician that developed the lever, as well as the concept of water displacement.
Syncretism
The ability to recognize gods in other cultures.
Isis
Egyptian goddess worshiped in Greece
Serapis
Combination of the gods Osiris with a sacred bull, and Zeus with Dionysus.
Seleucids
Similar to the Ptolemies, settled in Babylonia, but mainly newly-founded cities like Antioch. They also claimed divine right and practiced incest.
Hellenistic Influence
Leaders of smaller areas claimed the title of basileus and issued Greek-style coins.
Pergamon
The perfect Greek city, led by King Attalos I, who drove out Persian rule.