intro to experimental exam 2

self-report measure

observational measure

physiological measure

categorical (nominal) variable

levels of the variable are qualitatively distinct. the order of the levels doesn’t matter

quantitative variable

ordinal scale

categories in an ordered sequence. place data in a ranked order, but doesn’t tell us anything about numerical differences between categories

interval scale

ordered categories with equal intervals between categories, places data in order with equivalent distances between the ordered categories. doesn’t have a meaningful zero

reliability

consistency of a measurement device

validity

how much measurements actually represent what you think you’re measuring

test-retest validity

the consistency in responses across time points

interrater reliability

do two individuals use the operational definition the same way?

internal reliability

many tests attempt to measure a variable with multiple items

correlation coefficient (r)

strength

cronbach’s alpha

average correlation of all items; to what extent do they measure the same thing; how much are items that should be related correlated

face validity

does the measure appear to measure what it’s supposed to measure

content validity

the extent to which a measuring instrument covers all dimensions of a construct

criterion validity

does the measure allow you to distinguish people on the basis of particular behavioral outcomes?

convergent validity

measure is correlated with other measures of the same concept/variable

discriminant validity

measure is not correlated with measures of a different concept/variable

what is measurement?

what are the types of measurement?

what are the scales of measurement?

how do we measure constructs consistently?

how do we evaluate the validity of measures?

survey poll

a method of posing questions to people on the telephone, in person interviews, on written questionnaires, or via the internet 

open ended question

allows respondents to answer any way they like
example: what is your favorite color?

forced choice question

people give their opinion by picking the best of two or more options

example: select your favorite color from this list

likert scale

a survey question format using a rating scale containing multiple response options anchored by the specific terms (strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly disagree)

leading question

wording encourages one response more than others

double barreled question

asking two questions in one

negatively worded question

• negatively phrased questions 

  • Example: people who do not drive with a suspended license should never be punished 

  • Negative wording takes more time to process, and makes it more difficult

response set

• answering a number of questions in the same way

  • Can use attention checks in surveys to see if people are paying attention 

acquiescence

“strongly agree” to all possible options

fence sitting

• answer the middle option for all responses

  • Can remove the center of the scale to people have to pick a side

socially desirable responding/faking good

trying to look better than we are

faking bad

try to look bad (more aggressive, more deviant, nastier)

observational research

observer bias

when observers see what they expect to see

observer effect

when participants confirm observer expectations (expectancy effects)

masked design

the observers do not know to which conditions the participants have been assigned, and they are not aware of what the study is about

reactivity

• when participants react to being watched 

  • Solution 1: blend in 

    • Unobtrusive observations 

  • Solution 2: Wait it out 

  • Solution 3: Measure the Behavior’s Results

what are the different types of question formats?

what should you not do when writing a question?

what are the things you need to be mindful of when designing your survey (wording effects and order effects)?

how can we encourage accurate responding?

population

sample

biased sample

unbiased sample

convenience sample

self-selection

snowball sampling

probability sampling

simple random sample

stratified random sampling

systematic sampling

random assignment

purposive sampling

quota sampling

when is it important to use a representative sample and why?

bivariate correlation

chi-square

t-test

effect size

statistical significance

outlier

restriction of range

directionality problem

third variable problem

spurious association

moderator or modifier

what are correlations?

are variables measured or manipulated in a correlational study?

what is a statistic you would use when you have two categorical variables?

what is a statistic you would use when you have two quantitative variables?

what is a statistic you would use when you have a categorical and quantitative variable?

what is effect size?

what is statistical significance?

what does a non-significant effect mean?

can we make a causal claim with a bivariate correlation?

descriptive statistics

inferential statistics

central tendency

mean

median

mode

bimodal

multimodal

variance

standard deviation

degrees of freedom

what are the measures of central tendency and when should each of them be used?

what is positive skew?

what is negative skew?

how does the distribution effect each measure of central tendency?

what is variance?

what is standard deviation?

what are the degrees of freedom, and why are they important?