Macronutrients Topic 2

Macronutrients

are the foundational nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities to sustain life, provide daily energy and maintain structural integrity

Carbohydrates, protein and fats

serve as the primary building blocks for all

biological processes.

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of _ , _ and _

Glucose

The body converts them into _ thus served as the body's primary energy source, accounting for 80% to 100% of calories

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Three major groups of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)

The simplest carbohydrate form.

They are sweet and require no digestion, allowing direct absorption into the bloodstream from the small Intestine.

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Example of simple carbohydrates

Glucose (Dextrose)

It is the principal blood sugar used by the body. It fuel cells represents the only energy source for the brain and red blood cells and is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

Fructose (Levulose)

The sweetest simple sugar naturally found in honey fruits, and some vegetables

Galactose

Not found in free foods it is produced from lactose digestion (milk, sugar) and converted to glucose

Galactosemia

is a rare inherited metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly break down galactose

Gluconeogenesis

is when carbohydrate intake is insufficient, the body dismantles proteins to make glucose

Lipolysis

It is the breakdown of fat

Nefa and Glycerol

It comes from the breakdown of triglyceride

Ketone bodies

What are the alternative energy molecules produced by the liver from fatty acids during prolonged fasting or carbohydrate deprivation?

Proteolysis

What is the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids?

Alanine and Glutamine

Name the two important amino acids released by proteolysis that help maintain blood glucose during fasting.

Ketosis

What metabolic condition occurs when fat is broken down rapidly because of inadequate carbohydrates, causing ketone bodies to accumulate?

(Note: which the body doesn’t have enough carbohydrates (glucose) for energy, so it burns fat instead. As fat is broken down, the liver produces ketone bodies. If too many ketone bodies build up, they can make the blood more acidic, disrupting the body’s acid-base balance.)

Disaccharide (double sugar)

Made of two monosaccharides. They must be broken down by hydrolysis into simple sugars before absorption.

polsaccharide (complexsugar)

Composed of many molecules of simple sugars

Starch

• The most significant polysaccharide in human nutrition, sourced from grains potatoes, and legumes,

• It digests slower than simple sugars, supplying energy over a longer penod

Dextrins

Intermediate products formed during the breakdown of starch

Glycogen

Known as animal starch, formed from glucose and stored in liver and muscle tissues

Cellular (fiber)

The indigestible framework of plants

Soluble fiber

delays gastric transit and lowers
blood cholesterol.

Insoluble fiber

accelerates transit and slows down starch hydrolysis.

Soluble fiber

what type of fiber. Fruits

Soluble fiber

what type of fiber. Legumes

Soluble fiber

What type of fiber. oats

Insoluble fiber

What type of fiber. whole grains

Insoluble fiber

What type of fiber? Wheat

Sucrose

Common table sugar processed from cane and beef sugar

Composed of glucose and fructose.

Lactose

Found in milk and milk products (except cheese)

Composed of glucose and galactose, it stays in the intestine promotes beneficial bacteria, and favors calcium and phosporous absorption

Maltose

A disaccharide that is typically produced when your body digests complex starches.

Functions of carbohydrates

protein-sparing action

Fat metabolism and anti-ketogenic effect

Protein-sparing action

How big enough data carbohydrates prevents the body from breaking down protein for energy

Fat metabolism and anti ketogenic effect

Essential for fat breakdown. Insufficient carbs, cause incomplete oxidation and harmful keto buildup

Fats

Are organic compound, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen they are greasy to touch insoluble in water and belong to a broad class called lipids

34%

Fat constitute <blank> of the energy in the human body, providing a more concentrated source of energy compared to carbohydrates

simple lipids, compound lipids, derive lipids

Three classification of fat

Simple lipids

Chemically compose of a glycerin base, They really serve as energy Storage And water repellent protective coatings

Compound lipids

Esthers of fatty acids in an alcohol that contain additional chemical groups like posphorous, carbohydrates or proteins, which are crucial amphipathic molecules for maximum membranes and facilitating lipid transport in the bloodstream

phospholipids

The primary building blocks of the cellular, lipid by layer

Made of fatty acids, postpaid, acids, and nitrogenous basis

Glycolipids

Our fatty acids combined with carbohydrates and nitrogenous basis

They are mainly found on the outer surface of cell membranes functioning in cell cell recognitions, and tissue signaling

Lecithins

The groups of cellular, lipid by layer found in liver, egg, yolk, and corn oil use as food emulsifiers

Cephalins

Group of cellular lipid bilayer needed for blood clotting

Sphingomyelins

Group of cellular lipid by layer found in the brain and nerve myelin shealths

Lipoproteins

It is combined with proteins for primarily in the liver and cell organelles

They have a Stratford vehicles to move fats through the blood plasma

Derive lipids

What substances produced from the digestive breakdown of fats and fat compounds. They are biological compounds that are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvent

Fatty Acid

Basic structural units of fat that cells burn for energy

Saturated

Class of fatty acids that is no hydrogen can be added

Monosaturated

Class of fatty acids containing one double bond

polyunsaturated

It is the class of fatty acids containing two or more bonds

Beef , seafood, red meat , dairy, egg

Examples of saturated animal fat

Vegetable oil, peanut soybean, corn, cotton, olives, olive oil oil

Types of unsaturated plant oil

Glycerol

also known as glycerin it is a colorless orderless, and zero syrupy-sweet liquid widely used in the PHARMAceutical, cosmetic and food industries for its ability to act as a moisturizer, solvent and sweetener

Steroids

Type of lipid, they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

LDL or bad cholesterol

Omega six Help lower

Omega-3

It is primarily reduce inflammation and protect heart health

Mechanical separation of fats as protein and starch digested out

Digestion process of fats what is the activity on the stomach?

Emulsify fat

What is the activity of gallbladder emulsifier or bile salt in the Small Intestine

Visible fats

This include large butter, margarine shortening, salad oils, and a visible fats found on meat

Invisible fats

These are fats, integrated into foods and are available in well cheese, eggs, nuts, meat

Margarine and shortening

Made from relatively inexpensive vegetable oils (such as soybean corn and coconut oil) by introducing hydrogen into the fat molecule under carefully controlled condition

Fat on meat process meats, pastries, fried foods, coconut oil, ice, cream, chocolate

Foods high in saturated fatty acids

Vegetable oils, avocado, fatty fish, salmon, tuna, walnuts

Food sources high in fully unsaturated fatty acids

Body fat

Hi fat diet lead to highly efficient storage of <blank>