Studied by 23 people
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Scaffold
Temporary support helps kids get to the next level
Vygotsky
Social beings learn being active
Language
Age kids can solve word problems in their heads
Kids need a scaffold to help them
walk
Language for Kids
Talks to themselves in their head (no baby)
Kids that self-tasks are more likely to
score better than the kids that don’t say anthing
Autism spectrum disorder in MIT graduates lead to
High rates
identical twins
If one twin has autism spectrum disorder the other one has a 60% chance of getting it. (Twins have the same DNA)
Non-Identical twins
If one twin has autism spectrum disorder the other one has a 10% chance of getting it.
In 1943 the oldest case for
autism spectrum disorder
Children with autism spectrum disorder have
impaired theory of mind, social deficiencies, and repetitive behaviors.
Best way to treat autism spectrum disorder
early and specialized to what they need.
Childhood discrete
normal for 2 years and then stop regates
Rhett’s Disorder
When you see a child normal for 2-3 months then regates
4:1
Boys: Girls (Boys are more likely to have autism spectrum disorder)
Self-concept
an understanding and evaluation of who we are emerges gradually.
Self-concept (6 Months)
Starts self-recognition, self-awareness begins with self recognition in mirror.
Self-concept 15-18 months
Schema of how the face should look
You can tell you in the mirror start felling pride.
Self-concept School age
More detailed descriptions of gender, group membership, psychological traits, and peer comparisons. ( I am a girl, I am tall, I have brown hair)
Self-concept 8-10 years
Self-image becomes stable. Social, Independent kids
Adolescence is
the transition from puberty to social independence
Girls hit puberty at
11 on average
Boys hit puberty at
13 on average
Boys mature early
Independent and popularity, greater risk for alcohol use
Girls mature early
hit on by older guys, likely to be sexually harassment and get bullied
The teenage brain
During adolescence, selective pruning removes unused neurons and connections and frontal lobes develop
Are emotions rule the house
Hard to control our impulse
What is run by emotional system
Teenage brain
Rates go down for cars insurance at what age
25
the more you control now the
less you will do it later
Self-concept (self-identity)
An organized collection of self-beliefs and self-perceptions; made up of self-schemas
Self-Schema
Markus
Schematic
in areas important to you; develop a detailed schema about this construct. EX. if you like football. you will watch football
Aschematic
in areas not important to you; do not develop detailed schemas
Functions of self concept
organize and interpret personal experiences
Regulate thoughts, feelings, behaviors
Control social world by impression mgmt
Assess competence, verify self-conceptions, and enhance self-image
Sources of Self Knowledge
Introspection
Socialization
Reflected Appraisal
Feedback from others
Self-Perception
Environmental Distinctiveness
Comparisons with Others
Social Identity
Autobiographical memories
Culture
Interdependence
Introspection
A looking inward at one’s thoughts and feelings.
(Thinking about who you are)
Socialization
The process by which a child acquires the rules, standards, and values of his or her family and culture.
( Society message to you)
(How should you act as your gender)
Reflected Appraisal
The looking-glass self (Cooley)
Learn about self from other’s reactions
Learn about ourselves from others
Ex. When people get excited when I go to a party- Then I am fun
Ex. When people laugh at my jokes- I am funny
Feedback from others
Explicit feedback given to us by others (Tell me an example)
Prefer objective feedback over personal opinion
If you hear a lot of people say you are smart
then you are going to think you are smart
Self-Perception
People infer their personal qualities from observing their own behavior
Detect patterns of behavior which give us self-knowledge
(Infer to be a life long learner- if you like to read)
Self-Perception Theory
When internal states are difficult to interpret, people infer thoughts/feelings by observing their behavior and the situation (Bem)
Moving your roommates clothes to their side of the room- infers you like a clean space
Self-Perceptions of Emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expression
changes how you feel
(If you smile in the mirror it makes you even happier)
Environmental Distinctiveness
Factors that make you distinctive
(We notice things that are different)
Comparisons with others
Social Comparison Theory (Festinger)
Define self by making comparisons with others
Motivated by uncertainty
Assess similar others
Aiming for accuracy
(I came from a small town coming to a big school. trying to see were I stand)
Other motivations for comparison: Self-enhancement
Downward social comparison
(I can only do 3 but they only can do, so 1 so I feel good)
Other motivations for comparison: Self Improvement
Upward social comparison
(I can only do 3 but they can do 5. So, I will try to do 5)
Social Identity
Aspect of self-concept derived from membership in social group
Value and emotional significance attached to that membership
(Once I am part of that group I am always apart of the group) Ex. Wants a marine always a marine.
Autobiographical Memories
“The phenomenon of the self and that of memory are merely two sides of the same fact”- James Mill
If you lost all your memories, would you still be the same person
Autobiographical Memories (Revise and inflate)
Remember the last time we remember the memories
If you got A’s in high school- you will always remember
If you made C’s or D’s- you will forget and think you did better
Autobiographical Memories (Remesion bone)
you will remember things that will happen in life through late teens through early twenty’s
Culture: Individualism and collective
Individualism-value independence
Independence
Autonomy
Self-sufficiently
Collectivism-group cosines
Interdependence
Cooperation
Social Harmony
We like to feel we have control on our outcomes
In the U.S. If there was a box of pens all were black but 1 was blue. The person that got blue would
brag
In Kora everyone would pick the black pens and not the blue one because
They don’t want to stand out
Interdependence
Independent view of self- I have these friends and family
Interdependent View of Self- My friends and family make a part of who I am including them in my identity
After Adolescence (Emerging adulthood 18-25 college age to adulthood)
Includes the time from 18 to mid-twenties; a not-yet settled phase of life
Characterized by not yet assuming adult responsibilities and independence, and feeling of being “in-between”
May involve living with and still being emotionally dependent on parents
You still rely on your parents for may different things
Infancy (to 1 year)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Can I depend on people
Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Can I direct my own life Ex. If I want to climb up the stairs and you stop me I am going to fell shame.
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
Initiative vs. guilt
When little kids try to help you watch dishes and you tell them no. They will feel guilt
Elementary school (6 years to puberty)
Competence(feels good) vs. inferiority(feels bad at it)
You will feel one over the other
Adolescence (teen years into 20’s)
identity vs. role confusion
Testing roles what fit and what does not fit or you have confusion who you are
Young Adulthood (20’s to early 40’s)
Intimacy vs. isolation
will you find intimacy, close or isolation relationship
Middle adulthood (40’s to 60’s)
Generativity vs. stagnation
Generativity-what am I leaving behind
Late adulthood (late 60’s and up)
Integrity vs. despair
Do I look back at my life and feel proud or sad.
Are you going to study Erikson’s stages on page 31
Yes!
Adolescence struggle
identity versus role confusion; continues into adulthood.
Social identity
The “we” aspect of self-concept that can come from group membership.
Want a marine always a marine
Healthy identity
the formation is followed by a capacity to build close relationship
Self-esteem typically
declines during the early to mid-teen years, and for girls, depression scores often increase. Self-image rebounds during the late teens and twenties, and gender self-esteem differences become small (Zuckerman et al. 2016)
Becoming a parent, grandparent, empty nesters is
that you will have a new identity
cognitive
Attitudes or beliefs and feel a type of way
Girls experienced more depression in
mid-teens
Boys had less depression in
middle/high school during covid
Parents have conflict with boys mostly because
hygiene and Behavior problems
Parents have conflict with girls mostly because
of relationships
The oldest kids have it the
worst
You agree with the people
you care about the most
Adolescence: Parent and Peer Relationships have something to do with
Education
Charity
responsible
orderly (organized)
Discipline
Adolescence: Parent and Peer Relationships (Parents)
Child arguments increase but most adolescents report liking their parents. Argument content is often gender related
Adolescence: Parent and Peer Relationships (Peers)
Influence behavior, and social networking is often extensive, and exclusion can be painful or worse.
Morally
What is right or what is wrong
Moral development
Kohlberg
Developing reasoning power: Piaget
Develop new abstract thinking tools (formal operations)
Reason logically and develop moral judgment
Developing moral reasoning: Kohlberg
Use moral reasoning that develops in a universal sequence to guide moral actions
Moral intuition
We know if it’s right or wrong in your gut. We don’t think about but emotions
Moral actions
overrides. Your actions might not be your gut. Talk is cheap
Note
Flashcard