PSY notes for test 3 started on 11-1 Part 2

Scaffold

Temporary support helps kids get to the next level

Vygotsky

Social beings learn being active

Language

Age kids can solve word problems in their heads

Kids need a scaffold to help them

walk

Language for Kids

Talks to themselves in their head (no baby)

Kids that self-tasks are more likely to

score better than the kids that don’t say anthing

Autism spectrum disorder in MIT graduates lead to

High rates

identical twins

If one twin has autism spectrum disorder the other one has a 60% chance of getting it. (Twins have the same DNA)

Non-Identical twins

If one twin has autism spectrum disorder the other one has a 10% chance of getting it.

In 1943 the oldest case for

autism spectrum disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder have

impaired theory of mind, social deficiencies, and repetitive behaviors.

Best way to treat autism spectrum disorder

early and specialized to what they need.

Childhood discrete

normal for 2 years and then stop regates

Rhett’s Disorder

When you see a child normal for 2-3 months then regates

4:1

Boys: Girls (Boys are more likely to have autism spectrum disorder)

Self-concept

an understanding and evaluation of who we are emerges gradually.

Self-concept (6 Months)

Starts self-recognition, self-awareness begins with self recognition in mirror.

Self-concept 15-18 months

Schema of how the face should look

You can tell you in the mirror start felling pride.

Self-concept School age

More detailed descriptions of gender, group membership, psychological traits, and peer comparisons. ( I am a girl, I am tall, I have brown hair)

Self-concept 8-10 years

Self-image becomes stable. Social, Independent kids

Adolescence is

the transition from puberty to social independence

Girls hit puberty at

11 on average

Boys hit puberty at

13 on average

Boys mature early

Independent and popularity, greater risk for alcohol use

Girls mature early

hit on by older guys, likely to be sexually harassment and get bullied

The teenage brain

During adolescence, selective pruning removes unused neurons and connections and frontal lobes develop

Are emotions rule the house

Hard to control our impulse

What is run by emotional system

Teenage brain

Rates go down for cars insurance at what age

25

the more you control now the

less you will do it later

Self-concept (self-identity)

An organized collection of self-beliefs and self-perceptions; made up of self-schemas

Self-Schema

Markus

Schematic

in areas important to you; develop a detailed schema about this construct. EX. if you like football. you will watch football

Aschematic

in areas not important to you; do not develop detailed schemas

Functions of self concept

organize and interpret personal experiences

Regulate thoughts, feelings, behaviors

Control social world by impression mgmt

Assess competence, verify self-conceptions, and enhance self-image

Sources of Self Knowledge

1. Introspection

2. Socialization

3. Reflected Appraisal

4. Feedback from others

5. Self-Perception

6. Environmental Distinctiveness

7. Comparisons with Others

8. Social Identity

9. Autobiographical memories

10. Culture

11. Interdependence

Introspection

A looking inward at one’s thoughts and feelings.

(Thinking about who you are)

Socialization

The process by which a child acquires the rules, standards, and values of his or her family and culture.

( Society message to you)

(How should you act as your gender)

Reflected Appraisal

The looking-glass self (Cooley)

Learn about self from other’s reactions

Learn about ourselves from others

Ex. When people get excited when I go to a party- Then I am fun

Ex. When people laugh at my jokes- I am funny

Feedback from others

Explicit feedback given to us by others (Tell me an example)

Prefer objective feedback over personal opinion

If you hear a lot of people say you are smart

then you are going to think you are smart

Self-Perception

People infer their personal qualities from observing their own behavior

Detect patterns of behavior which give us self-knowledge

(Infer to be a life long learner- if you like to read)

Self-Perception Theory

When internal states are difficult to interpret, people infer thoughts/feelings by observing their behavior and the situation (Bem)

Moving your roommates clothes to their side of the room- infers you like a clean space

Self-Perceptions of Emotion

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expression

changes how you feel

(If you smile in the mirror it makes you even happier)

Environmental Distinctiveness

Factors that make you distinctive

(We notice things that are different)

Comparisons with others

Social Comparison Theory (Festinger)

Define self by making comparisons with others

Motivated by uncertainty

Assess similar others

Aiming for accuracy

(I came from a small town coming to a big school. trying to see were I stand)

Other motivations for comparison: Self-enhancement

Downward social comparison

(I can only do 3 but they only can do, so 1 so I feel good)

Other motivations for comparison: Self Improvement

Upward social comparison

(I can only do 3 but they can do 5. So, I will try to do 5)

Social Identity

Aspect of self-concept derived from membership in social group

Value and emotional significance attached to that membership

(Once I am part of that group I am always apart of the group) Ex. Wants a marine always a marine.

Autobiographical Memories

“The phenomenon of the self and that of memory are merely two sides of the same fact”- James Mill

If you lost all your memories, would you still be the same person

Autobiographical Memories (Revise and inflate)

Remember the last time we remember the memories

If you got A’s in high school- you will always remember

If you made C’s or D’s- you will forget and think you did better

Autobiographical Memories (Remesion bone)

you will remember things that will happen in life through late teens through early twenty’s

Culture: Individualism and collective

Individualism-value independence

Independence

Autonomy

Self-sufficiently

Collectivism-group cosines

Interdependence

Cooperation

Social Harmony

We like to feel we have control on our outcomes

In the U.S. If there was a box of pens all were black but 1 was blue. The person that got blue would

brag

In Kora everyone would pick the black pens and not the blue one because

They don’t want to stand out

Interdependence

Independent view of self- I have these friends and family

Interdependent View of Self- My friends and family make a part of who I am including them in my identity

After Adolescence (Emerging adulthood 18-25 college age to adulthood)

Includes the time from 18 to mid-twenties; a not-yet settled phase of life

Characterized by not yet assuming adult responsibilities and independence, and feeling of being “in-between”

May involve living with and still being emotionally dependent on parents

You still rely on your parents for may different things

Infancy (to 1 year)

Trust vs. Mistrust

Can I depend on people

Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Can I direct my own life Ex. If I want to climb up the stairs and you stop me I am going to fell shame.

Preschool (3 to 6 years)

Initiative vs. guilt

When little kids try to help you watch dishes and you tell them no. They will feel guilt

Elementary school (6 years to puberty)

Competence(feels good) vs. inferiority(feels bad at it)

You will feel one over the other

Adolescence (teen years into 20’s)

identity vs. role confusion

Testing roles what fit and what does not fit or you have confusion who you are

Young Adulthood (20’s to early 40’s)

Intimacy vs. isolation

will you find intimacy, close or isolation relationship

Middle adulthood (40’s to 60’s)

Generativity vs. stagnation

Generativity-what am I leaving behind

Late adulthood (late 60’s and up)

Integrity vs. despair

Do I look back at my life and feel proud or sad.

Are you going to study Erikson’s stages on page 31

Yes!

Adolescence struggle

identity versus role confusion; continues into adulthood.

Social identity

The “we” aspect of self-concept that can come from group membership.

Want a marine always a marine

Healthy identity

the formation is followed by a capacity to build close relationship

Self-esteem typically

declines during the early to mid-teen years, and for girls, depression scores often increase. Self-image rebounds during the late teens and twenties, and gender self-esteem differences become small (Zuckerman et al. 2016)

Becoming a parent, grandparent, empty nesters is

that you will have a new identity

cognitive

Attitudes or beliefs and feel a type of way

Girls experienced more depression in

mid-teens

Boys had less depression in

middle/high school during covid

Parents have conflict with boys mostly because

hygiene and Behavior problems

Parents have conflict with girls mostly because

of relationships

The oldest kids have it the

worst

You agree with the people

you care about the most

Adolescence: Parent and Peer Relationships have something to do with

Education

Charity

responsible

orderly (organized)

Discipline

Adolescence: Parent and Peer Relationships (Parents)

Child arguments increase but most adolescents report liking their parents. Argument content is often gender related

Adolescence: Parent and Peer Relationships (Peers)

Influence behavior, and social networking is often extensive, and exclusion can be painful or worse.

Morally

What is right or what is wrong

Moral development

Kohlberg

Developing reasoning power: Piaget

Develop new abstract thinking tools (formal operations)

Reason logically and develop moral judgment

Developing moral reasoning: Kohlberg

Use moral reasoning that develops in a universal sequence to guide moral actions

Moral intuition

We know if it’s right or wrong in your gut. We don’t think about but emotions

Moral actions

overrides. Your actions might not be your gut. Talk is cheap