Motor Control, Learning, and Cognitive/Perceptual Disorders – Review Flashcards

60 fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering motor control, learning theories, practice conditions, feedback types, memory, attention, levels of consciousness, perceptual deficits, and common neurological terms.

A ______ task is performed in a predictable, unchanging environment.

closed

An _____ task is performed in an unpredictable, changing environment.

A series of discrete movements performed in sequence is called a __ task.

serial

Ongoing, repetitive movements without a clear start or end describe a __ task.

continuous

Practice in which practice time exceeds rest time is called __ practice.

massed

Practice in which rest time is equal to or greater than practice time is __ practice.

distributed

Repeating the same task before switching defines __ practice.

blocked

Practicing tasks in random order to create contextual interference is __ practice.

random

Feedback about the outcome of a movement is called Knowledge of __.

Results

Feedback about the quality of the movement pattern is called Knowledge of __.

Performance

The learning stage requiring high attention to understand a new task is the __ stage.

cognitive

Refining performance with fewer errors occurs in the __ stage.

associative

When a task becomes automatic with low attention demands, the learner is in the __ stage.

autonomous

Movements driven by reflexes triggered by sensory input describe the __ theory.

reflex

The top-down model of motor control is called the __ theory.

hierarchical

Stored motor plans controlling movement patterns are central to the __ theory.

motor program

Generalized motor programs that adapt based on past experience form the basis of __ theory.

schema

Movement emerging from the interaction of multiple body systems is explained by the __ model.

systems

The approach that inhibits abnormal tone & synergies to promote normal patterns is __ / Bobath.

NDT

Allowing initial use of abnormal synergies before progressing to isolated control is characteristic of the __ approach.

Brunnstrom

Unconscious "how-to" skills are stored in __ memory.

procedural

Memory of personal events is termed __ memory.

episodic

General factual knowledge is stored in __ memory.

semantic

Temporarily holding information for immediate use defines __ memory.

working

Very brief storage of sensory input is __ memory.

sensory

Unconscious recall, such as procedural skills, is __ memory.

implicit

Conscious recall of facts and events is __ memory.

explicit

Cues that improve recall without awareness are known as __.

priming

Focusing on one stimulus while ignoring distractions is __ attention.

selective

Performing two tasks simultaneously requires __ attention.

divided

Switching focus back and forth between tasks is called __ attention.

alternating

Extreme drowsiness requiring vigorous stimulation but waking only briefly defines __.

obtundation

A deep state of unconsciousness with no response to verbal stimuli is __.

coma

Being fully aware but unable to move except for eye movements is __ syndrome.

locked-in

A proactive strategy using prior sensory information for anticipatory adjustments is __ control.

feedforward

Using sensory information during movement for corrections is __ control.

feedback

Forgetting or neglecting one side of the body or space is termed __ neglect.

unilateral

Inability to recognize objects despite intact sensation is __.

agnosia

Lack of awareness of one’s own deficits is called __.

anosognosia

Loss of the ability to plan or perform purposeful movements on command is __.

apraxia

Failure to perform a task on command despite spontaneous ability indicates __ apraxia.

ideomotor

Inability to perform a task because the overall concept is lost indicates __ apraxia.

ideational

Lack of muscle coordination leading to errors in rate, rhythm, or timing is called __.

ataxia

Involuntary rapid jerking movements typical of Huntington’s disease are termed __.

chorea

A poverty of movement with decreased amplitude and velocity is known as __.

bradykinesia

Impaired motor control for speech due to CNS damage is __.

dysarthria

A gait pattern with legs crossing over each other is __ gait.

scissoring

Feedback initially given frequently and then gradually reduced is __ feedback.

faded

Feedback provided only when performance falls outside a set tolerance is __ feedback.

bandwidth

Movements that rely heavily on sensory feedback for correction use a __-loop system.

closed

Predictive, automatic movements with little real-time correction use an __-loop system.

open

Feedback given during the movement is called __ feedback.

concurrent

Feedback provided after movement completion is __ feedback.

terminal

Feedback delivered after a set number of repetitions is __ feedback.

summed

Dividing a complex skill into subcomponents for practice is called __-to-whole training.

parts

Rehearsing a movement in the mind without physical execution is __ practice.

mental

In Brunnstrom’s stages, absence of volitional movement corresponds to the __ stage.

flaccidity

The ability to identify an object by touch without vision is __.

stereognosis

Perceiving two separate points of touch is called __ discrimination.

two-point