Intelligence and Problem Solving

Alfred Binet

Created the first intelligence test, specifically for school children.

Lewis Terman

Adapted Alfred Binet's original test for use in the US.

Stanford-Binet

The first intelligence test used in the US for children.

IQ

Intelligence Quotient, a measure of intelligence calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age.

David Wechsler

Developed the first adult intelligence test called WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale).

Intelligence Testing

Assessing the overall amount of intelligence a person possesses.

Aptitude Testing

Assessing a person's potential for future success in specific areas.

Achievement Testing

Assessing how well a person has mastered specific material.

Testing Perspective vs Cognitive Perspective

Testing perspective focuses on the amount of intelligence, while cognitive perspective focuses on how successfully someone uses information.

Cultural Bias

Refers to the potential bias in intelligence tests towards certain cultural groups.

G-Factor

A general factor of intelligence.

Verbal Intelligence

The ability to understand, process, and respond verbally.

Spatial Intelligence

The ability to understand and manipulate things in a 3D space.

Quantitative Intelligence

The ability to understand and process mathematical information.

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Model

A model of intelligence that includes general, broad, and narrow categories.

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Intelligence is composed of analytic, creative, and practical components.

Gardner's 8 Types of Intelligence

A theory that identifies different types of intelligence, including naturalistic and interpersonal intelligence.

Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis

The impact of childhood deprivation on adult intelligence.

Reaction Range

The range of intelligence determined by genetics and influenced by environmental factors.

Flynn Effect

The observed increase in intelligence across generations.

Intellectual Disability Criteria

Onset prior to adulthood, IQ below 70, and issues with adaptive functioning.

Mild Intellectual Disability

Able to live with minimal assistance.

Moderate Intellectual Disability

Requires some assistance throughout life.

Severe Intellectual Disability

Requires lifelong assistance.

Profound Intellectual Disability

Requires lifelong assistance.

Categories of Intellectual Disability Origins

Chromosomal, metabolic, biologic, and unknown.

Convergent Problems

Problems with known solutions that require analytic strategies.

Divergent Problems

Problems with no known solutions that require creative or novel approaches.

Types of Problems

Inducing structure, arrangement, and transformation.

Ways to Solve Problems

Trial and error, algorithm, heuristic, subgoals, changing the representation, and incubation.

Creativity Stages

Preparation, incubation, insight, and elaboration-verification.

Divergent Thinker

A person who can generate multiple solutions for a problem.

Convergent Thinker

A person who focuses on finding the best solution to a problem.

Correlates of Creativity

Expertise, imaginative thinking, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment.

Analytic

Is verbal and quantitative

Creative

Ability to come up up with new and different ways of solving problems

Practical

Focuses on ability to adapt to and solve problems in everyday life

Chromosomal

Issue with the chromosomes

Metabolic

Tends to happen during development in the womb when the fetus is exposed to some type of teratogen

Biologic

Other types of medical disorders that can cause this

Unknown

75% of cases are considered this and dont fall into any other categories

Inducing Structure

Take some sort of structure or relationship from the problem and use it to find the solution

Arrangement

Takes pieces of the problem and arrange them to find the solution

Transformation

Change something about the problem in order to get to the solution

Trial and Error

Randomly trying solutions hoping you get to the right one

Algorithm

Come up with all possible solutions, and systematically try those solutions

Heuristic

Using a shortcut to eliminate solutions before you even try them

Subgoals

Break a problem down into smaller problems to solve

Changing the Representation

Changing the way you look at a problem to make it easier to solve from how its initially presented

Incubation

When you step away from the problem from little bit and doing something unrelated to the problem, so that when you look at it again you are looking at it with fresh eyes

Preparation

Discovering or defining the things you are trying to be creative towards

Insight

The answer is suddenly coming to mind on how to approach the problem

Elaboration-Verification

Making sure your solution is accurate to the problem

Expertise

Have a good foundation of knowledge in order to be creative in a given sphere

Imaginative Thinking

The ability to see things in a new or unusual way

Venturesome Personality

Someone who seeks out new experiences, deals well with ambiguity and risk, perseveres when they experience obstacles

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that is coming from within

Creative Environment

Having an environment that supports exploration