Development of Monarchial States and Religious Wars, 1562-1648

How did nations grow?

Growing bureaucratization, mercenary armies, tax

Treaty of Lodi (1454)

To provide a united front against outside invaders, Milan and Naples, long traditional enemies, allied with Florence and they stood together against the alliance between Venice and the Papal States.

Ludovico il Moro

Despot of Milan who decided to mess with Naples and upset the balance of Italian power in 1490. He invited France to invade Naples so that Milan could become more powerful. Caused the Italian Wars and eventually joined an Italian alliance that kicked the French out of Italy. Restored the Medici in Florence after realizing his mistake

Savonarola

1452-1498 Franciscan friar in Florence who objected to many of the new attitudes in the Renaissance - saw them as satanical. Gained power in Florence in 1494 at a time of Medici weakness and used strict, puritanical rule. Overthrown in 1498 and burned at stake. Medici returned to power but great age of Florence had passed.

Wars of the Roses

(1455-1485) Civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families

Henry VII

First Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509

Queen Elizabeth I

This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England.

How did Elizabeth I transform England?

Promoted religious stability through the Elizabethan Settlement, while also establishing a powerful central government and pursuing expansionist policies that helped to solidify England's position as a major European power. England prospered culturally, commercially, and militarily, and set the stage for England's emergence as a global empire

Mary, Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her executed in 1587.

Treaty of Berwick (1586)

Gave James VI a pension and so unofficially set him out as Elizabeth's heir. Elizabeth entered into defensive alliance with Scotland against Philip II of Spain and Mary Stuart.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

English Renaissance

Age of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, Elizabethan reign provided stability

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Spain before Ferdinand and Isabella

Was split into several Christian kingdoms (North) and was Islamic (South)

Catholic Monarchs of Spain

Refers to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I who when they were married, created the unification of Spain

Reconquista of Spain

Christian efforts made following the Crusades to take over Muslim lands and drive them out of Spain.

Granada War (1482-92)

Final stage of Reconquista, finally expelling the Muslims from Spain. Conquered last independent Islamic outpost

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism. The targets were the Jews and the Moors.

Ferdinand I

Brother of Charles V, became HRE in 1556. Received Habsburg lands of Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary.

Philip II of Spain

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal, who received the lands of Spain, colonial lands of Spain, Netherlands, and Southern Italy, gaining wealth from New World's silver mines. He supported the Counter-Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

A naval battle between the Ottoman Turks and a coalition of Christian powers led by Spain which ended in a decisive Christian victory, halting the Ottoman advance into Europe.

Dutch Revolt

(1566-79) Caused for religious reasons; Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands/Dutch Republic; they revolted against Spanish authority for political and religious independence from Spain

Duke of Alva's Council of Troubles

Inquisition-based effort which failed to regain control of the Protestant Netherlands

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Charlemagne

First Holy Roman Emperor; a Carolingian; known as Carolus Magnus, or Charles the Great; a great scholar; laid the foundation for the university system; raised level of education throughout empire.

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their traditional enemy, the Habsburgs, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

2nd Defenestration of Prague

Political incident in 1618 in which a group of Protestant nobles threw two Catholic advisors of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand out of a window of the Prague Castle, leading to the Bohemian Revolt and eventually to the Thirty Years' War

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

Calvinist Bohemians defenestrated the representatives of Catholic King Matthias and installed Calvinist Frederick V as king. Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor and defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of While Mountain in 1620. Protestant land was given away, and the Spanish consolidated power along the Rhine River.

Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate

Leader of the protestant union against Ferdinand during the Bohemian part of the Thirty Years War. Lost to Ferdinand in the Battle of White Mountain.

Why didn't the Thirty Years' War end in 1622?

Private armies that wanted to keep fighting; intervention of Denmark into the rule

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Mercenary general who was paid by the Emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.

Edict of Restitution (1629)

Document issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II in 1629 that ordered that all Catholic land taken by the Protestants must be returned, and outlawed Calvinism.

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

This is the second phase of the Thirty Years War. The king of Denmark, Christian IV, invaded Germany in an attempt to help his fellow Protestants against the Catholics, but also to try and get control over more territory and gain more power. It would see Denmark lose and no longer be a major power in the Baltic region.

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

Began with the arrival in Germany of the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus and his army. Adolphus won two important battles but was fatally wounded in combat. The French chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu, subsidized the Swedes, hoping to weaken Habsburg power in Europe.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

Why was France on the Protestant side of the war?

Concerned about the growing power of the Habsburgs, especially seen with Cardinal Richelieu. This proved the war to more than just a religious war.

French Phase (1635-1648)

Promoted by Richelieu's concern that the Habsburgs would rebound after Gustavus' death. Richelieu declared war on Spain and sent military as well as financial assistance.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince-whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist-to choose the established creed of his territory.

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Conflict between Huguenots and Catholics in France which also overlapped with political and economic competition, leading to a series of wars, culminating in the ascension of Henry IV to the throne

Catherine de' Medici

Wife of Henry II who influenced her sons after the end of their father's reign. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army, which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

The rise of the nation-state in France led to what?

Decline of old aristocratic families and a power struggle between the Guises, Bourbon, and Montmorency

Guises Family

Tthey were the most powerful family and were dominant in Eastern France. They were militant and radical Catholic nad closely linked to the French monarchy

Admiral Coligny

A major leader of the French Protestant movement and Montmorency family killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Prince of Conde

Leader of Bourbon family, converted to Calvinism, Protestant military leader. Killed in the second war, and whose hesitation to support the queen vs the Guises was the cause for the wars

Beginning of the French Wars of Religion

This event began when the Duke of Guise encountered Huguenots worshipping in a barn, killing them all.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties. 20K Huguenots died as a result, and the event was orchestrated by Catherine de' Medici.term-47

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and first member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France.