Biochem general

benzene ring functional group name

Phenyl Ph

n-propanol

i-propanol

n-butyl

i-butyl

sec-butyl

tert-butyl

-OH

Hydroxyl

R-OH

alcohol

C=C

alkene

C≡C

alkyne

R-O-R

Ether

R-NH₂

Amine

R-NO₂

Nitro compound

R-X

alkyl halide

R-F

flouro

R-Cl

chloro

R-Br

bromo

R-I

iodo

C=O

Carbonyl

R-CHO

aldehyde

R₁-CO-R₂

ketone

R-CO₂H

carboxylic acid

R₁-CO₂-R₂

Ester

R-CONH₂

Amide

R-CN (C≡N)

Nitrile/cyanide

group next to Me

ester

functional group

ether

functional group

carbonyl

ethene

propene

Lowest energy conformation of cyclohexane

chair

unstable, higher energy conformation of cyclohexane

boat

non identical molecules with the same molecular formula

Isomers

Non-identical molecules that vary in the “connectivity” of their atoms with the same molecular formula

constitutional isomers

Non-identical molecules with the same consitution

stereoisomers

Molecule that is superimposable on its mirror image

achiral

molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image

chiral

two stereoisomers that cannot be superimposed on each other

enantiomers

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rule clockwise

R

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rule counterclockwise

S

nucleophiles

electron rich lewis bases

electrophiles

electron deficient lewis acids

Glycine Gly G

Alanine Ala A

Valine Val V

Leucine Leu L

Isoleucine Ile I

Cysteine Cys C

Methionine Met M

Serine Ser S

Threonine Thr T

Tyrosine Tyr Y

Lysine Lys K

Arginine Arg R

Histidine His H

Aspartic acid Asp D

Asparagine Asp N

Glutamic Acid Glu E

Glutamine Gln Q

Tryptophan Trp W

Phenylalanine Phe F

Proline Pro P

aldose carbonyl location

end

ketose carbonyl type

ketone

Markovnikov’s rule

H adds to least substituted carbon

Oxymercuration-reduction reactants needed

1. Hg(OAc)2, H2O/THF 2. NaBH4, EtOH