W1 L1: Genomes: Structure and Analysis

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11 Terms

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Mendel's experiments

He worked on the garden pea Pisum sativum

Peas normally self-pollinate but may be cross-pollinated.

Self pollination for many generations can yield pure-breeding individuals (in other words, we can be pretty sure of the characteristics of the offspring)

Discovered 3:1 ratio

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Uses of DNA

  • DNA replicates - can diversify

  • DNA can be transcribed to RNA then translated into proteins

<ul><li><p>DNA replicates - can diversify</p></li><li><p>DNA can be transcribed to RNA then translated into proteins</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Nucleic acids

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA - Ribonucleic acid

  • Both composed of repeats of a basic unit or monomer called a nucleotide

  • DNA molecules are composed of linear polymers of nucleotides i.e. polynucleotides

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Human karyotype

Look for a change in the size or position of a chromosome

<p>Look for a change in the size or position of a chromosome</p>
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Proteins

Enzymes - e.g. lysozymes in tears

Structural proteins - e.g. keratin in hair and nails, parts of the cell wall, etc.

Majority of the cell components

  • Forms from a linear amino acid sequence into a complicated folded structure

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Pax6 low expression

Pax6 is important for eye development

Can lead to no eyes being developed in most organisms

Similar phenotypic output in all types of organisms

<p>Pax6 is important for eye development</p><p>Can lead to no eyes being developed in most organisms</p><p>Similar phenotypic output in all types of organisms</p>
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Pax6 overexpression

Extra eye tissue growing in other places

<p>Extra eye tissue growing in other places</p>
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Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotes: Protein coding region in DNA transcribes into mRNA, then translates into protein, no nucleus

  • Eukaryotes: Mostly in the nucleus, highly compartmentalised, very large, DNA from protein coding gene gets modified and spliced, transcribed into mRNA and translated into a protein

<ul><li><p>Prokaryotes: Protein coding region in DNA transcribes into mRNA, then translates into protein, no nucleus</p></li><li><p>Eukaryotes: Mostly in the nucleus, highly compartmentalised, very large, DNA from protein coding gene gets modified and spliced, transcribed into mRNA and translated into a protein</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Prokaryotic cell

  • No compartmentalisation

  • The nucleoid is distributed in the cell

  • Translation and transcription are independent of each other

  • No nucleus

  • Free floating DNA

  • Unicellular only

  • Asexual reproduction

<ul><li><p>No compartmentalisation</p></li><li><p>The nucleoid is distributed in the cell</p></li><li><p>Translation and transcription are independent of each other</p></li><li><p>No nucleus</p></li><li><p>Free floating DNA</p></li><li><p>Unicellular only</p></li><li><p>Asexual reproduction</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Eukaryotic cell

  • Highly compartmentalised

  • molecules trafficking

  • Nucleus containing DNA

  • Can be unicellular or multicellular

  • Can be asexual or sexual reproduction

<ul><li><p>Highly compartmentalised</p></li><li><p>molecules trafficking</p></li><li><p>Nucleus containing DNA</p></li><li><p>Can be unicellular or multicellular</p></li><li><p>Can be asexual or sexual reproduction</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Evolution of eukaryotes

  • Eukaryotes merged from bacteria and archaea

  • Most of the genes are found in the nucleus after the fusion

<ul><li><p>Eukaryotes merged from bacteria and archaea</p></li><li><p>Most of the genes are found in the nucleus after the fusion</p></li></ul><p></p>