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31 Terms

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Industrial Revolution

A period beginning in the 1800s marked by a transition to new manufacturing processes in Britain.

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New Imperialism

A phase of colonial expansion by European powers, particularly in Africa, during the late 19th century.

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Sepoy Rebellion

A revolt in 1857 against British rule in India that lasted until 1947.

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Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China during the mid-19th century over trade imbalances and the opium trade.

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Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreigner uprising in China that occurred in 1899-1901.

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Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884 where European powers divided Africa among themselves without consideration for indigenous cultures.

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World War I

A global war originating in Europe that lasted from 1914 to 1918.

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Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I in 1919.

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Russian Revolution

A series of revolutions in 1917 leading to the rise of the Soviet Union.

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Stalin's Rule

An era marked by Five-Year Plans, collectivization, and purges in the 1920s-1930s in the USSR.

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Holodomor

A man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933.

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Rise of Nazism

The emergence of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany during the 1930s.

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Nuremberg Laws

Antisemitic laws implemented in 1935 that stripped Jews of civil rights.

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Rape of Nanjing

A brutal conquest of Nanjing by Japanese forces during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.

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Kristallnacht

A pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany that occurred on November 9-10, 1938.

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German Invasion of Poland

The military invasion by Germany on September 1, 1939, marking the start of World War II in Europe.

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Wannsee Conference

A 1942 meeting of senior Nazi officials to plan the final solution for the Jewish question.

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Battle of Stalingrad

A major turning point in World War II, fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

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Decolonization

The process through which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, primarily after 1945.

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UN Declaration of Human Rights

An international document adopted by the United Nations in 1948 outlining fundamental human rights.

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Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation in South Africa established in 1948.

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Chinese Communist Revolution

The revolution that resulted in the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949.

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Cold War

A period of political tension and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991.

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Korean War

A conflict between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953.

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Great Leap Forward

A social and economic campaign initiated by the Chinese Communist Party from 1958 to 1962 aimed at rapidly transforming China from an agrarian society to a socialist society.

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Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 to 1976 initiated by Mao Zedong.

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Six-Day War

A brief war fought between Israel and its neighboring states in June 1967.

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Tiananmen Square protests

A series of student-led protests in Beijing in 1989 advocating for democracy and reform.

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Berlin Wall falls

The event in November 1989 symbolizing the end of the Cold War and the division between East and West Germany.

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Rwandan Genocide

The mass slaughter of the Tutsi minority by the Hutu majority in Rwanda in 1994.

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Apartheid ends in South Africa

The official ending of the system of racial segregation in South Africa in 1994 with the election of Nelson Mandela.