Pop Art and Happening in Argentina and Colombia

Who coined the phrase Pop Art and what was it referencing?

Lawrence Alloway and the Independent Group in the UK

What are the major themes present in Pop Art?

Rejection of dominant postwar trends of Expressionist painting

Imagery of Pop Art or popular culture

Blurring the boundaries btwn high and low

Emotionally distant and removed

Search for remnants of trauma in postwar consumer culture

What is pop culture?

Mass media, advertising, everyday consumer goods

Name some prominent pop artists

Warhol, Lichtenstein, Oldenburg, Rosenquist

What are happenings?

Participatory events and performances which are multidisciplinary and incorporate everyday life

What inspired Happenings?

Hans Namuth’s film of Jackson Pollock which argues that art needs to incorporate objects from everyday life and is about process rather than product

When were the first Happenings staged?

1959

Who coined the term Happenings?

Allan Kaprow

T/F Pop Art frequently overlaps with environmental and performance art

True

T/F Pop Art was a manifestation of comsuerism in L. America

False

What form did Happenings and Pop Art take in Latin America?

Local kitsch or parody

Where was the center of Happenings which Allan Kaprow referred to as a city of Happenists?

Buenos Aires

What happened in 1946?

Juan Peron became president of Argentina

What are some notable facts about Juan Peron?

Initiates industrialization, expands social rights, and free university

Popular with working class

Conflict with the Catholic Church led to military uprising

When was Peron overthrown

1955

How long was the political unrest in 1960s Argentina?

1955 - 1973

What is the Liberating Revolution?

Military dictatorship which overthrew President Peron through a coup in 1955

What was the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo?

A bombing of a pro Peron civilain demonstration in Buenos Aires main square by Argentinas Navy and Airforce

What was the Argentine Revolution?

A civil military coup which overthrows President Illia in 1966 and rules until 1973. Peron was exiled in Madrid until 1973.

Who is Oscar Masotta?

An Argentine writer and artist associated with Instituto Torcuato Di Tella. He published his book Pop Art and wrote about the Happenings. He also confounded the Freudian School of Buenos Aires in 1974

What is the Instituti Torcuanto Di Tella?

A non profit dedicated to Argentine art and culture. It was a center for pop, happenings, installation art. Also a center for political art and social critique in 1960s

Who’s earliest works and happenings were staged at the Instituto Torcuato Di Tella?

Marta Minujin

what was the coup of 1976?

A military junta overthrew Isabel Peron. A military dictatorship, called the National Reorganization Process, in Argentina was in power from 1976 to 1983

What was Operation Condor?

US backed repression of left wing and socialist government throughout S. America

What was the Dirty War?

Once PRN suspended Congress and limited civil liberties, they began a campaign of state terrorism via murder, torture, and kidnappings in 1974 to 1983

What was the traits of pop art in columbia?

Figurative art characterized by distortion

Focus on local print and media images

Maintains a dialogue with traditional Renaissance masters

What was La Violencia?

Civil war btwn conservative and liberal parties in Columbia in 1948 to 1958. Government, in collab with US, promoted modern art which is abstract and apolitical

Who is Fernando Botero?

Columbian figurative painter and sculptor whose work was characterized by robust monumental figures or Boterismo

What are some notable achievements of Botero?

Worked with Goya and Velaquez in 1952

Wins 1st prize at Colombian Artist Salon in 1958

Beloved market artist

Who is Beatriz Gonzalez?

A Columbian artist known for her appropriation of popular cultural images such as Los Suicidas del Sisgas

What are some notable achievements of Beatriz Gonzalez?

1st exhibition in Bogota Modern Art Museum

Began painting furniture in 1970

What is Graficas Molinari?

A production art production studio in Cali, Columbia in 1952. Known for producing cheap and accessible portraits of religious and mythological figures

What is the 1985 Palace of Justice Siege?

M-19 guerilla group takeover of the Palace of Justice in Bogota in which Congress is held hostage to put President on trial

What was a turning point in Gonzalez’s work?

1985 Palace of Justice Siege