African American Civil Rights Movement Key Terms

Frontier Justice

Imprisonment for the crime of vagrancy, the offense of not having a job, it was a system designed to use government power to prevent African Americans from seeking economic, legal or social advancement, it was a labor system that reintroduced slavery

Charles Hamilton Houston

the first african american editor of the Harvard Law Review, and the future spearhead of the NAACP’s legal fight to destroy Jim Crow,

Niagara Movement (1905)

demanded equal economic and educational opportunity as well as the vote for black men and women

Morrill Land Grant Act (1890)

the act's goal was to expand the opportunities for people of color to access education, specifically in agriculture and mechanical arts.

Busing

refers to transporting students to schools assigned to them. Students could be assigned to a school that was not near their home in order to get a mix of races in a school.

Woolworth’s Sit ins (1960)

**young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. The sit-in movement soon spread to college towns throughout the South.**

Freedom Rides (1961)

civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge segregation

Beloved Community

would not tolerate any form of discrimination, poverty, hunger or homelessness. Disputes, whether local or international, would be resolved through the process of conflict resolution with the dual goals of peace and justice.

Freedom Summer (1964)

was to combine voter education,registration and political activism, as well as to conduct Freedom Schools to teach literacy and civics to adults and children. It was to be a fully integrated project, bringing in middle and upper class white student volunteers from across the nation.

Fannie Lou Hamer

African American civil rights leader and vice **chairperson of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), challenged the legitimacy of the all white Mississippi Democratic Party at the Democratic National Convention Atlantic City, New Jersey, in August 196**

Black Nationalism

the concept of radically defined national identity that was necessary to build racial pride and strong institutions to benefit African Americans in societies that have systematically used race to oppress African Aericans.

Marcus Garvey

founder of the universal nero improvement association. He voiced the concepts PAn Africanism and black nationalism

Nation of Islam (NOI)

Ta religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. It focuses its attention on the African diaspora, especially on African Americans.

Stokely Carmichael

**promoted African American pride and solidarity with the African American community as necessary for any significant gains, reasoning that America had systematically sapped the self-respect of African Americans.**

Redlining

The practice of denying or limiting banking and insurance services to entire neighborhoods because of race and/or poverty was practiced by financial institutions during the early 1900s.The term comes from the practice of drawing maps with red lines around neighborhoods deemed risky.

Ballot or the Bullet Malcolm X (1964)

outlined that African Americans were justified in using any means necessary to defend themselves if the government was incapable of protecting them if it chose not to. That year many african americans would try to vote and if they were not allowed a bullet will be the alternative

James Meredith’s March Against Fear

from Memphis,Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi to publicize racism in the South and to promote voter registration in rural Mississippi. A member of the Ku Klux Klan shot Meredith on the second morning of the march.

Black Panther Party

formed to record incidents of police violence directed at african americans and to provide a vehicle for increased political activity

Civil Rights Acts of 1957

authorized the prosecution for those who violated the right to vote for United States citizens.

Civil Rights Acts of 1963

forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing

Civil Rights Acts of 1964

prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and federally funded programs and strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

authorized federal law enforcement to make sure that citizens of all people groups, in all states, were allowed to vote.

Fair Housing Act (1968)

provided federal enforcement of housing laws. It made it illegal to persuade someone to sell or rent by indication that people of a certain race, color, religion, or nation orin were coming into the neighborhood, thus lowering the purchase price