AP HUMAN MAPS

Cartogram

A map that uses simplified geometries to represent real-world places.

Choropleth

A thematic map expressing the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations.

Graduated symbol map

A map using symbols of different sizes to represent quantitative data.

Isoline map

A map calculating data values between points across a variable surface.

Conformal projection

A map projection that maintains the shape of polygons.

Robinson

A map projection balancing area and form.

Equal area

A map projection attempting to maintain relative spatial science and areas.

Mercator

A conformal map projection with straight meridians and parallels.

Gall Peters

An equal-area map projection showing correct sizes of countries.

Goode

A map projection balancing area and form.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the workforce.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A theory explaining how population changes over time, impacting migration, fertility, economic development, and more.

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Countries on the DTM model with altered dates for significant historical turning points.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Focuses on population growth due to medical advances and predicts development stages.

S-Curve of Population

Describes rapid growth followed by stabilization or decline due to reaching carrying capacity.

Stage One (DTM)

Pre-agricultural societies with high birth and death rates, leading to little population growth.

Stage Two (DTM)

Agriculturally based economies with declining death rates, high birth rates, and rural populations.

Stage Three (DTM)

Shift to service-based economies, declining birth and death rates due to urbanization.

Stage Four and Five (DTM)

Convergence of birth and death rates, limited population growth, and service-driven economies.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Occurs when birth rates equal death rates, leading to economic challenges.

Malthusian Theory

Predicts food production growth slower than population growth, potentially leading to crises.

Sustainability

Concerns about food production meeting demand, resource depletion, and overpopulation.

Population Pyramids

Graphical representation of population structure, age, and gender distribution.

Push and Pull Factors

Reasons forcing people to migrate (push factors) or attracting them (pull factors) to new locations.

Cultural Synthesis

Blending of multiple cultural influences to form a new cultural expression.

Architecture

Reflects cultural influences, with modern, contemporary, and traditional styles.

Language

Differentiates regions, with dialects, pidgin languages, and lingua franca bridging gaps.

Indo-European Concept

Derived from linguistic analysis and genetic evidence of prehistoric migrations from the Indian subcontinent into Europe.

Largest Language Families

Include Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Altaic, Japanese, and Tai-Kadai.

Anatolian Theory

Suggests migrants from the Indian subcontinent moved through Turkey into Europe.

Kurgan Theory

Proposes migrants from the Indian subcontinent traveled through Central Asia into Europe.

Folk Music

Original to a specific culture, often incorporating unique instruments and cultural stories.

Bluegrass Music

Popular folk music type originating in Kentucky, influencing country and rock music.

Continental Cuisine

Formal food traditions from mainland Europe, including haute cuisine and nouvelle cuisine.

Fusion Cuisine

Incorporates multiple global traditions in dishes, based on original forms of folk food.

Caste System in India

Hierarchical social structure with five castes - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and Dalits.

Theocracies

Governance where religious leaders hold senior positions, like in Iran.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core principles guiding followers, including daily prayers, creed, alms to the poor, observance of Ramadan, and the Hajj.

Folklore

Stories specific to a culture, reflecting societal histories and ethical foundations.

Land Use

How property is utilized, shared, or divided, indicating cultural practices.

Nation and Ethnicity

Nation represents a population with a singular culture, while ethnicity is a mix of genetic heritage and political allegiance.

Race

Physical characteristics of common genetic heritage, categorized into Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid, and Pacific Islander groups.

Indigenous population

the people who originally settled in an area

Environmental determinism

the former scientific ideology that states that a culture’s traits are defined by the physical geography of its native hearth or culture region

Possibilism

the revised concept proposed by Sauer and other like-minded geographers that stated cultures were to a partial degree shaped by their environment and the material resources available to them

Lebensraum

the living space for each distinct nation was based upon the optimal physical geography of the culture group

Ethnocentrism

the belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group, and in the inferiority of other nations or ethnic groups

Internal identity

used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share their heritage or place of origin

External identity

used by individuals to express their cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share a common cultural or geographic background

Culture regions

an area of bounded space with a homogeneous characteristic that can be one or more components of culture

Cultural Hearths

the idea that every culture has a localized area where it originated or has its main population center

Sequent occupance

for a single place or region, different dominant cultures replace each other over time

Acculturation

the process of adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of one’s original culture

Assimilation

a complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group

Cultural survival

used to describe the efforts to research, understand, and promote the protection of indigenous cultures

Cultural globalization

a number of influences such as literature, music, motion pictures, the Internet, and satellite and cable television, mainly from English-language sources, combined to diminish and potentially eliminate the media and culture of other linguistic groups

Supranationalism

the concept of two or more sovereign states aligned together for a common purpose

Territoriality

the expression of political control over space

Citizenship

the legal identity of a person based on the state where he or she was born or where he or she was naturalized as an immigrant

Enclave

a minority culture group concentrated inside a country that is dominated by a different, larger culture group

Exclave

a fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated by land from the main part of the state’s territory

UNCLOS

proposal of standard oceanic boundaries for all UN member states that was fully ratified in 1994

Territorial Seas and EEZs

Circular boundaries extending a country's EEZ by 200 nautical miles, especially around islands.

High Seas

Areas outside the 12-mile limit where cruise ships can operate casinos and captains have authority to marry or arrest.

Admiralty Law

Part of international law governing legal procedures on the high seas.

International Whaling Commission (1986)

Imposed a moratorium on commercial whale hunts to protect depleted populations.

Boundary Origins

Prehistoric boundary lines like the French-Spanish border along the Pyrenees.

Former state boundaries with political or cultural significance like Scotland-England post the Act of Union.

Boundary Process:

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Placing borders on maps.

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Marking borders on the ground.

Boundary Types:

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Natural boundaries such as rivers, mountains, or deserts.

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Estimated boundaries between nations or ethnic groups.

Border Disputes:

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Interpretation differences in border treaties.

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Border shifts due to natural changes like rivers.

Territorial Morphology:

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Territorial Change:

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Adding territory through purchase or claims.

Capitals:

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Electoral Politics and Internal Boundaries:

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Political Economy:

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Marxist-Socialism:

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Geopolitics:

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Balkanization

The process of a larger state breaking up into several smaller states, often leading to ethnic violence and dissolution.

Irredentism

A concept where a minority ethnic group seeks to break away from a multiethnic state to form its own nation-state or align with a culturally similar state.

Neocolonialism

A modern form of colonialism based on economic pressure rather than direct political control.

Heartland-Rimland model

A geopolitical theory identifying areas of potential conflict, with the Heartland being a central landmass and the Rimland its surrounding areas.

Buffer states

Countries that act as a protective buffer between hostile nations.

Containment

A strategic policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism, particularly by surrounding communist states with allied countries.

Terrorism

Planned violent acts to incite fear and influence government policies.

Subsistence agriculture

Farming that provides for all the needs of a household, often practiced on small plots of land.

Multi-cropping

Planting multiple crops on the same plot to ensure food security and diversity.