Eukaryotic diversity

red algae

dulse; nori

brown algae

kelp

Slime molds

related to fungi but distinct

plasmoidal - multinucleate

cellular - switches btwn unicelluar and multicellular

green algae

includes plants in clade

endosymbiosis theory

unicellular organism absorbed into larger cells → eukaryotes

Parasites & Pathogens

Trichomonas, Trypansoma (sleeping sickness), Phytophthora (potato famine blight), Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba (dysentery)

primary producers

make oxygen

coccolithophore - shells made of calcite, change reflectivity of the ocean

animals/metazoans

lineage from unicelluar eukaryote

closest multicellular relative: fungi

epithelial - made of sheets of cells - divide layers/tubes

develop from embryos, not colonies

holozoan clade

multipotent cells that can differentiate; adhesion and signalling molecules; cillia and flagella

animals, choanoflagellates, filastereans, ichthyosporeans

cillia and flaggella

microtubule-containing extensions, move with motor proteins

holozoa must withdraw before mitosis

division of labour theory

multicellularity evolved to (basically) eat, digest, and move at the same time

choanoflagellates

sister group to animals

sponge like anatomy, but unicellular

coelom

organ cavity

ctenophora/comb jellies

nerves/neurons (ionotropic glutamate receptors)

indepedent muscle development

porifera/sponges

placozoa

no common name

bilateria

bilaterally symmetrical (like humans!)

share Hox genes with cnidaria

nerves/neurons (dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, etc.)

Cnidaria

corals, jellyfish, siphonophore

share Hox genes with bilateria

nerves/neurons (dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, etc.)

medus and polyp stages

nematocysts: explosive stinging organelles

colonial

fungi

heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from environment

secrete enzymes to digest food externally

cell walls made of chitin

from opisthokont “posterior flagellum” → most specie snow lack flagella

Morphologies

• yeasts: unicellular → beer, wine, cheese, bread

• molds: filaments → penicillin, antibiotics

• mushrooms: macroscopic reproductive structures → turnover of nutrients

toxins, psychedelic, infections

hyphae

filaments of fungi that secrete enzymes to break down organic matter and absorb released nutrients

spores

fungi ‘seeds’, enable fungi to colonise new environments; germinate and grow in favourable conditions

mycelium

dense network of hyphae

fruiting body

‘mushroom’, where spores develop

septate hyphae

big pores

coenocytci hyphae

no pores

sexual reproduction of fungi

two zygote fuse; sexual recombination

plants

linage of green algae; photosynthetic; cell walls

other clades have similar characteristics that aren’t directly related

alternation of generation

plants; gametophytes and sporophytes; sexual and asexual reproduction

embryophytes

plants; dependent embryos (seeds)wa

sporangium

walled spores

apical meristems

specialised growth zones in plants

bryophytes

liverworts(mosses, hornworts)

nonvascular (evolutionary streamlining)

some live in Antractica!

haploid dominated life cycle - sexes (male antheridia/female archegonia)

tracheophytes

lycophytes(monilophytes(angiosperms, gymnosperms))

vascular - xylem (water up, dead hollow cells) and phloem (sugars, live cells), roots (nutrients, stability)

diploid dominant life cycle

liverwort

thalloid growth form - small plates

lycophytes

spike moss, quillwort, club moss,

lignin

monilophytes

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

seed plants

angiosperms, gymnosperms

seeds, pollen, ovules

small dependent gametophytes

seeds

embryos with nutrients inside a protective coat

flowers

pollen/ovules; fertilization without swimming flagellate sperm

angiosperm

ovules in ovaries → flowers, fruit

pollen dispersal - any type

male sporangia - stamen

female sporangia - carpel

meiosis AND mitosis in germ line

double fertilzation - sperm + egg = zygote & sperm + central cell = triploid endosperm

dominant today - amborella(waterlillies(star anise(magnolids(monocots, eudicots))))

gymnosperms

exposed ovules

wind-dispersed pollen

ex. cycads, gingkos, conifers (firs, larch, sequioa)

monocot

one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue

rice, corn, whwat, oil pam, sugarcane

eudicot

two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in rings

potatoes, casave, soybeans, sweet potatoes

opisthkonts

fungi(icthyosporean(filastereans(choanoflagellates, animals)))

holozoa

icthyosporean(filastereans(choanoflagellates, animals))

synteny

major change in gene linkage