Therio - 11

What is the most common penile tumor in bulls?

Penile papilloma

What causes penile papillomas?

Bovine papillomavirus

How does bovine papillomavirus enter the penis?

Through small wounds often caused by homosexual riding

What are typical clinical signs of penile papilloma?

Scant hemorrhage after coitus and hesitancy to extend the penis or breed

What does a typical penile papilloma look like?

A single pedunculated growth attached by a small stalk

How are penile papillomas treated?

Surgical excision

What are complications of penile papilloma excision?

Recurrence and urethral injury

What is the key hereditary juvenile penile condition?

Persistent frenulum

What causes a persistent frenulum?

Incomplete separation of the penis and prepuce

What penile deviation does a persistent frenulum cause?

Ventral deviation

Why is persistent frenulum important in breeding bulls?

It is heritable and should not be used to produce breeding stock

What is the important penile structure that allows retraction and extension?

Sigmoid flexure

What causes penile hematoma?

Sudden bending of an erect penis during breeding

Which bulls are particularly prone to penile hematoma?

Herefords

What breeding situation commonly causes penile hematoma?

The bull misses the vagina and the penis bends rapidly

What happens inside the penis during penile hematoma formation?

Rapid bending decreases CCP volume and greatly increases pressure

What structure ruptures during penile hematoma?

Tunica albuginea

What important blood vessel can also rupture with penile hematoma?

Dorsal artery of the penis

Where does penile hematoma usually rupture?

Dorsal aspect of the distal bend of the sigmoid flexure

What is the typical clinical sign of penile hematoma?

Symmetrical swelling of the sheath immediately cranial to the scrotum

What is conservative treatment for penile hematoma?

At least 60 days sexual rest, systemic antibiotics, and hydrotherapy

What is the return to service rate with conservative hematoma treatment?

50%

When should surgery be performed for penile hematoma?

3–7 days after injury

What is the return to service rate after surgical hematoma treatment?

80%

When is vesiculitis most commonly seen?

Young bulls under 2 years and older bulls around 7–9 years

What happens to the vesicular glands with vesiculitis?

They become painful and lose their normal lobulation

What does vesiculitis cause in semen?

White blood cells that appear as round cells on morphology

How can WBCs in semen be confirmed?

Diff-Quik staining

How is vesiculitis managed in young bulls?

Long-term tetracyclines or benign neglect with a 6-month recheck

How is vesiculitis managed in older bulls?

Cull

What are important causes of vesiculitis?

Brucella abortus, Trueperella pyogenes, and Histophilus somni

What is the typical presentation of epididymitis?

Usually unilateral and swollen and painful early then small, hard, and misshapen

What organisms are associated with epididymitis?

Trueperella pyogenes and Brucella abortus

How is epididymitis diagnosed from semen?

Round cells or WBCs on morphology and Diff-Quik

How is epididymitis treated?

Long-term tetracyclines and possibly hemicastration

What is testicular hypoplasia?

Small testicles caused by a hereditary condition

What is important about cryptorchidism in bulls?

It is rare and hereditary and affected bulls should be culled

What can cause testicular degeneration in bulls?

Fever, high environmental temperature, scrotal inflammation, and excessive scrotal fat

What reproductive problem can high levels of cottonseed cause?

Gossypol toxicity causing infertility