Chapter 18 Study Guide

What are the two major circulation pathways?

Pulmonary and Systemic

Blood from the right side of the heart is delivered to:

Lungs (pulmonary)

Blood from the left side of the heart is delivered to

All cells of body (systemic)

Blood from the lungs returns to what side of the heart?

Left side of the heart

Blood from the systemic veins returns to what side of the heart?

Right side of the heart

Is blood in the right side of the heart oxygen rich, or oxygen poor?

Oxygen poor 

Is blood in the left side of the heart oxygen rich, or oxygen poor?

Oxygen rich

Name the cavities that the heart is located in 

Visceral, Thoracic, Pericardial 

Which side of the heart is the base, which side is the apex?

Base is superior and towards the right. Apex is inferior and towards the left.

What tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of?

Dense irregular CT

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Protects the heart and anchors it in place

Which layer of the serous pericardium is on the surface of the heart?

Visceral pericardium

Which layer of the serous pericardium lines the compartment for the heart?

Parietal pericardium

What is in the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

Pericardial fluid

What is the function of the pericardial fluid?

Reduces friction 

What is another name for the visceral pericardium (one of the layers of the heart wall)?

Epicardium

Which layer secretes the pericardial fluid?

Epicardium

List the layers in order from superficial to deep on the three layers of the heart wall

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Epicardium can also be called

Visceral Pericardium

Function of the epicardium 

Cells secret pericardial fluid, protects heart and anchors it in place 

Which layer of the heart wall is made of cardiac muscle cells?

Myocardium

Which layer of the heart wall can contract?

Myocardium

What is the endocardium continuous with which lines blood vessels?

Endothelium 

When the right atrium contracts, which other chamber contracts simultaneously?

Left atrium

When the right ventricle contracts, which other chamber contracts simultaneously?

What structure divides the right atrium and the left atrium?

Interatrial Septum 

What structure divides the right ventricle and the left ventricle?

Interventricular Septum

Name three vessels that deliver blood to the right atrium

Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Coronary sinus

Name the vessel that leaves the right ventricle

Pulmonary trunk

Name the vessels that return blood to the left atrium 

4 pulmonary veins 

Name the vessel that the left ventricle pumps blood into

Aorta

Parallel ridges of muscle seen inside the atria are

Pectinate muscles 

Which atrium is the SA node in?

Right atrium

What is the exact location (a specific structure) of the SA node?

Crista terminalis of right atrium

What is found in a fetus that is a small opening in the heart?

Foramen ovale

What is found in the adult heart that is a remnant of a small opening in the heart?

Fossa ovalis

What is the function of the Foramen ovale?

a hole in the fetal heart that connects the right and left atrium, allowing oxygenated blood to skip the collapsed, non-functional lungs and flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium

What are the ridges of muscle visible inside the ventricle called?

Trabeculae carnae

Name the muscles which are attached to the chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

Which ventricle has a thicker muscle wall, left or right? 

Left

Why is the difference of muscle thickness in the ventricle present? 

The left side has to work much harder to pump the blood to all cells of the body

Name the two atrioventricular (AV) valves

Tricuspid and Bicuspid (mitral) valves 

Name the two semilunar (SL) valves

Pulmonary semilunar valve and Aortic semilunar valve

Which valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle? 

Tricuspid valve (“R in name for right”) 

Which valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Which valve is between the left ventricle and aorta?

Aortic semilunar valve

Which AV valve has 3 flaps?

Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle) 

Which AV valve has 2 flaps?

Bicuspid/mitral valve (between left atrium and left ventricle)

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

Mitral valve

What types of fibers are the chordae tendineae made of? (in heart)

Collagen

Which valves are the chordae tendineae attached to? (in heart)

AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves)

Do semilunar valves have chordae tendinea?

No

Does contraction of papillary muscles help close the valves?

No

What is the function of papillary muscles?

It helps keeps the valves closed. Prevents blow back into atrium when ventricle contracts hard.

Which makes a sound? Valve opening or valve closing?

Valves closing

The closure of which valves makes the first heart sound “Lub”?

AV Valves, (tricuspid and bicuspid valves) close simultaneously, 1 sound

The closure of which valves makes the second heart sound “Dub”?

Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) close simultaneously, 1 sound

What has happened to the valve in stenosis?

Valve became stiff, restricting flow through the valve.

What is the cause of a heart murmur?

Turbulent movement of blood through abnormal valve.

If the blood is in the left ventricle, where does it go next?

Aorta through the aortic semilunar valve

If the blood is in the left atrium, where did it come from

4 pulmonary veins

If blood is in the anterior interventricular artery, did it come from the left or right coronary artery?

Left coronary artery 

Name the venous structure that all the veins connect to:

Great cardiac vein, which dumps into the coronary sinus

Name the structure that delivers blood from coronary circulation to right atrium:

Coronary sinus

Right coronary artery branches into

Marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

Left coronary artery branches into:

Circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery

Anastomosis 

A joining of blood vessels 

Collateral

An alternative pathway created by an anastomosis

Ischemia

Temporary insufficient blood supply is called

Angina pectoris

Transient chest pain from ischemia is called

Infarction

Death of heart tissue due to a blockage in blood supply is called:

Myocardial infarction is the correct term for a

Heart Attack

Are cardiac muscle cells striated?

Yes

What are the connections between cardiac muscle cells called?

Intercalated discs 

What types of cell to cell connections are found in an intercalated disc?

Gap junctions and desmosomes

Why do cardiac muscle cells need a lot of mitochondria?

They need a lot of ATP 

Is the sarcoplasmic reticulum the same size as skeletal muscle cells?

No it’s much smaller 

What is the function of myoglobin?

Store of oxygen inside cardiac muscle cells for emergencies

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells found in the heart

Autorhythmic and Contractile

Which type of cardiac muscle cells found in the heart can depolarize automatically?

Autorhythmic

Which type of cardiac muscle cells found in the heart can do the contacting and squeezing?

Contractile 

List the parts of the heart that have autorhythmic cells (the parts of the intrinsic conduction pathway).

SA node, AV node, bundle branches of His, Purkinje fibers

Which part of the intrinsic conduction pathway acts as the pace maker?

SA Node

What is RMP in contractile cardiac muscle cells?
(in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)

-90mv

Opening of which channels cause the initial depolarization?
(in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)

Sodium

During the plateau phase, which channels are open and which ion is flowing into the cell?
(in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)

Calcium

Which channels open to cause repolarization back to RMP?
(in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)

Potassium 

Calcium for cardiac muscle cell comes from two sources, name them.
(in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)

Extracellular fluid and the small sarcoplasmic reticulum

Can the cell have another action potential during absolute refractory period (in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)?

No

Can the cell have another action potential during relative refractory period? (in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)

Yes

Do cardiac muscle cells ever get complete (fused) tetanus?
(in contractile cardiac muscle cell action potential)

No, refractory period is too long to allow tetanus

Do autorhythmic cells have a steady RMP?

(in an autorhythmic cardiac muscle cell action potential)

No

What types of leaky channels are present in an autorhythmic cell?

(in an autorhythmic cardiac muscle cell action potential)

Sodium

The fact that the membrane potential always drifts to threshold is called what?

(in an autorhythmic cardiac muscle cell action potential)

Pacemaker potential

Which action potential lasts longer, skeletal or cardiac muscle cell?

Cardiac

Which has the longer refractory period, skeletal or cardiac muscle cell?

Cardiac

Whose contraction lasts longer? Skeletal or cardiac muscle cell?

Cardiac

Why is the delay at the AV node vital for normal heart function?

Allows blood to get into the ventricle

Cells in which area of the heart have the most leaky channels and hit the threshold first?

Pacemaker cells in SA node of Right atrium