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Spice Islands
a group of islands in eastern Indonesia, Maluku (or Moluccas) archipelago, known for producing valuable spices like nutmeg and cloves
Gold Coast
GUlf of Guinea (modern-day known as Ghana) PRODUCED = cocoa
Egypt
a key target for British Imperialism, particularly due to its strategic location along the Suez Canal, a vital trade route between Europe and Asia (PRODUCED = cotton)
Sudan
a major trade hub and cultural crossroads (or exchange), particularly during the era of European imperialism (PRODUCED = cotton)
Kenya
East African nation that gained independence from British colonial rule; a case study to illustrate the impacts of European colonialism and the process of decolonization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly within the context of the British Empire and the Mau Mau rebellion (PRODUCED = cattle and cheap labor)
Argentina
A South American country is a major destination for migrants seeking economic opportunities, particularly from Italy, and contributing to its diverse cultural landscape (PRODUCED = cheap labor)
Uganda
major destination for migrants seeking economic opportunities, particularly from Italy, and contributing to its diverse cultural landscape (PRODUCED = cotton)
Treaty of Nanking
a peace treaty signed in 1842 that ended the First Opium War between Great Britain and the Qing Dynasty of China to open several ports to British trade
Opium Wars
two wars fought by the British and the Chinese in the mid-19th century over the opium trade
Opium
(a highly addictive drug) that british merchants illegally smuggled into China to their citizens to create widespread addiction
Pampas
a vast, fertile lowland region located primarily in Argentina
East India Company
a British trading company focused on the spice trade in East Asia, which eventually gained significant political control over large parts of India through military power
Dutch East India Company
a powerful trading company established in 1602 by the Dutch Republic focused on the lucrative spice trade, allowing them to establish trading posts and exert significant influence across the region (Indonesia)
Economic Imperialism
to the use of economic power to exert control over other countries, regions, or peoples
Culture System
a set of social, economic, and political practices that were deliberately implemented by colonial powers in certain regions, often in Asia, to facilitate the extraction of raw materials and control over the local population, usually through a single cash crop, creating a dependent economic system tied to the colonial market
Corvee Labor
unpaid forced labor (Or a form of taxation through labor), typically used by a governing authority to compel people to work on public projects like road construction, often for a set period of time each year
Sphere of Influence
areas or regions where a foreign power has significant influence over political, economic, or cultural affairs WITHOUT FORMALLY COLONIZING IT
Cash Crops
agricultural products grown primarily for sale and profit rather than for personal consumption.
Banana Republics
politically unstable country in Latin America, particularly in Central America, whose economy is heavily reliant on the export of a single agricultural product (like bananas) → leading to exploitation by foreign corporations and a corrupt political system
Colonial Service
government bureaucracy employed by European powers to administer their colonies (responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of a colony, including collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and overseeing infrastructure development)
Taiping Rebellion
a massive civil war in China from 1850 to 1864 led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the brother of Jesus Christ. Aiming to overthrow the dynasty and establish a new social order based on a unique blend of Christianity and Chinese beliefs (AFTER MANCHU DYNASTY)
Slavery
individuals who are forced to work against their will and are often treated as property rather than human beings.
Indentured Servants
individuals who agreed to work for a specified period, typically four to seven years, in exchange for passage to a new land.
Contract Laborers
individuals who agree to work for a specific period under a set of conditions, often in exchange for compensation, essentially signing a contract to perform labor for a particular employer, usually in a foreign country, with the understanding that they will be paid for their work (IN OTHER WORDS WORKER)
Colonization Society
a group or organization established by a European power with the goal of actively settling and controlling a foreign territory (KEY THINGS = exploiling its resources, imposing politics and cultural systems on natives to gain money and expansion)
Penal Colony
a remote settlement established by a colonizing power to exile and punish criminals by forcing them to perform labor in isolation from the general population
Convict
an individual found guilty of a crime and sentenced to punishment, often including forced labor
Diaspora
dispersion (scattered) of any people from their original homeland to various locations around the world.
Emigrate
to leave one's home country with the intention of settling permanently in another country
Great Famine
Period of starvation and disease that strangled Ireland, primarily potate blight that destroyed the staple crops that most Irish depended on, leading to mass emigration and population decline
Mohandas Gandhi
Indian leader who spearheaded the movement for India's independence from British rule through a strategy of nonviolent resistance, civil disobedience, and boycotts
Porfirio Diaz
Mexican dictator he implemented policies that favored foreign investment and wealthy landowners, leading to widespread discontent among the lower classes and ultimately contributing to the Mexican Revolution
Trinidad & Tobago
a Caribbean island nation, due to its diverse cultural makeup, particularly its large Hindu population which stems from Indian indentured laborers brought to the islands
Mauritius
an island nation off the coast of Africa that became a key example of European colonial exploitation during the era of Imperialism
Guyana
South America, bordering other countries like Brazil and Venezuela, was a British colony, which means it was heavily influenced by British political and economic systems, including the plantation system reliant on slave labor.
Argentina
a South American country, known for its significant role in the region's independence movements from Spain
Chinese Exclusion Act
U.S. law that effectively prohibited most Chinese immigration to the United States by suspending the entry of Chinese laborers for a 10-year period (RACIAL DISCRIMINATION)
Chinese Immigration Act
US federal law that anned Chinese laborers from entering the country, or known as “Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act” and “Inlfux of Chinese Restriction Act”
White Australia Policy
a set of discriminatory laws implemented in Australia, effectively creating a "white" nation by preventing people of color from settling in the country
Gold Rush
Mass migration and settlement of people to a newly discovered area where gold was found
White Collar
Lower-level professional and management worker that doesn’t require physical labor (Office-based, required more education)
Blue Collar
working-class professional and management worker that DOES require physical labor
Canal System
man-made waterway that connects different bodies of water, used for transportation of goods and people
Scots-Irish
Descendents of Scottish protestans who settled in Ireland and later migrated to North America (think Great Famine Emigration)
Popular Culture
Set of ideas, practices, and phenomena that are in prevalent in mainstream society at a given time
Ethinic Enclaves
concentrated population of people from the same ethnic group within a geographic area, allowing them to maintain cultural identity, forming migration patterns where newcomers cluster together for support and familiarity. (i.e. Chinatowns)
Natal Indian Congress
an organization founded in 1894 in South Africa to represent the interests of Indian immigrants and promote their rights by Mahatma Gandhi
Kangani System
labor recruitment system in Ceylon and Malaya with a foreman who oversees workers and recruited from extended family
Chinatowns
urban neighborhoods predominantly inhabited by Chinese immigrants and their descendants, characterized by a rich cultural heritage and vibrant community life
