Animals in Society

test #1

mutualism

both organisms benefit

commensalism

where one organism beenits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

parasitism

one benefits, host harmed

predation

one animal eats another for energy

domesticated animal

one that has been bred in captivity for purposes of economic profit or human community, with complete human control over its breeding, organization of territory and food supply

domesticated or cultivated species

spcies in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs

Domestication

a change in the phenotypical expression and genotype of an animal, a trans-generational phenomenon, occurs across generations

taming

process by which animals become accustomed to human presence, within a single generation, infant or juvenile animals

the domestication syndrome

the general combination of traits in domesticated animals

neural crest

transient embryonic structure in vertebrates that gives rise to most of the peripheral nervous system and to several non-neural cell types, including smooth muscle cells of the cardiovascular system, pigment cells in the skin, craniofacial bones, cartilage, and connective tissue

Pre-adaptations to

domestication

peculiar characteristics of individual species to be a likely candidate for domestication

Omnivorous species

no extremely specialized diets. Vegetables, different food products, easily to get and interchangeable

group structure

how animals come to actually organize themselves spatially under normal conditions

short flight distance

easier to get close to them

low reactivity

placid, easy-going

limited agility

animals that are easy to catch, easier to restrain, to move, easy to somehow to get under human physical control

2 factors of domestication

genetic and environmental change

Genetic change

inbreeding, artificial selection, relaxation of natural selection

environmental change

captive environment (food & water provided), predation, exposure to infectious agents and disease, interaction with humans

why are rhinos and hippos unsuitable for domestication?

ferocity

why are lions, tigers, and other carnivores unsuitable for domestication?

they eat high on the food chain

why are pandas and koalas unsuitable for domestication?

they have picky diets

why are elephants unsuitable for domestication?

slow growth

why are deer and antelopes unsuitable for domestication?

they have territoriality and solitary habits

why are cheetahs unsuitable for domestication?

reclusive breeding or elaborate courtship

why are gazelles unsuitable for domestication?

tendency to panic

double muscling

Hypertrophy of the large muscles

relaxed selection

when environmental change weakens or removes the pressure of natural selection that once maintained a specific trait in a population

Fertilization

Domestication process in reverse