Chemistry Moles, Equations, and Structure Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary list from Chapter 1 to 30 covering moles, atomic structure, bonding, kinetics, thermodynamics, and organic chemistry.

Alkali (水溶性碱)

A base that is soluble in water.

Avogadro constant (阿伏伽德罗常数)

The number of atoms (or ions, molecules or electrons) in a mole of atoms (or ions, molecules or electrons).

Empirical formula (经验式)

The formula that tells us the simplest ratio of the different atoms present in a molecule.

Isotopes (同位素)

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Mole (摩尔)

The amount of substance that has the same number of particles (atoms, ions, molecules or electrons) as there are atoms in exactly $12\,g$ of the carbon-12 isotope.

Molecular formula (分子式)

The formula that tells us the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule.

Nucleon number (核子数)

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Relative atomic mass (相对原子质量)

The weighted average mass of the atoms of an element, taking into account the proportions of naturally occurring isotopes, measured on a scale on which an atom of the carbon-12 isotope has a mass of exactly 12 units.

Nanotechnology (纳米科技)

The design and production of machines so small they are measured in nanometers (nm), where $1\,nm = 1 \times 10^{-9}\,m$.

Ionisation energy (电离能)

$\Delta H_i$: the energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of atoms of an element in the gaseous state to form 1 mole of gaseous ions.

Standard conditions (标准状态)

A pressure of $10^5\,pascals$ (100 kPa) and a temperature of $298\,K$ ($25^\circ C$).

Co-ordinate bond (配位键)

A covalent bond (also known as a dative covalent bond) in which both electrons in the bond come from the same atom.

Electronegativity (电负性)

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond.

Hydrogen bond (氢键)

The strongest type of intermolecular force, formed between molecules having a hydrogen atom bonded to one of the most electronegative elements (F, O or N).

Lattice (晶格)

A regularly repeating arrangement of ions, atoms or molecules in three dimensions.

General gas equation (一般气体方程)

Also called the ideal gas equation: $pV = nRT$.

Activation energy (活化能)

The minimum energy that colliding particles must possess for a successful collision that results in a reaction to take place.

Hess’s law (海斯定律)

The total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route by which the reaction takes place.

Redox reaction (氧化还原反应)

A reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place at the same time.

Amphoteric (两性氧化物)

Able to behave as both an acid and a base, such as aluminium oxide.

Le Chatelier’s principle (勒夏特列原理)

When any of the conditions affecting the position of equilibrium are changed, the position of that equilibrium shifts to minimise the change.

Heterogeneous catalysis (非均相催化)

A type of catalysis in which the catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants.

Disproportionation (歧化反应)

The simultaneous reduction and oxidation of the same species in a chemical reaction.

Free radical (自由基)

A very reactive atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron.

Structural isomers (同分异构体)

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

SN1 mechanism (SN1 机理)

A nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism where the rate involves only the organic reactant, typically occurring in the hydrolysis of tertiary halogenoalkanes.

Esterification (酯化反应)

The reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid (or acyl chloride) to produce an ester and water.

Lattice energy (晶格能)

The enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions under standard conditions.

Faraday constant (法拉第常数)

The charge carried by 1 mole of electrons, valued at $96\,500\,coulombs\,per\,mol$ ($C\,mol^{-1}$).

Standard hydrogen electrode (标准氢电极)

A half-cell in which hydrogen gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere ($101\,kPa$) bubbles into a solution of $1.00\,mol\,dm^{-3}\,H^+$ ions; it is assigned a potential of $0.00\,V$.

pH

The hydrogen ion concentration expressed as a logarithm to base 10: $pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]$.

Gibbs free energy (吉布斯自由能)

The energy change that takes into account both entropy and enthalpy changes: $\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$.

Ligand (配体)

A molecule or ion with one or more lone pairs of electrons available to donate to a transition metal ion.

Complementary base pairing (碱基互补配对)

In DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G) via specific hydrogen bonding.

Retention time (保留时间)

The time taken for a component in a mixture to travel through the column in GLC or HPLC.