Grade 9 Advanced Biology EoT Revision Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the Grade 9 Advanced Biology End-of-Term revision transcript including enzymes, biological macromolecules, cell theory, membrane transport, plant structures, tissue types, and the muscular/skeletal systems.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes by lowering activation energy.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat, where the energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants.

Endothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat, where the energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.

Carbohydrates

Biological macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom, which store energy and provide structural support.

Lipids

Biological macromolecules that store energy and provide cellular barriers.

Proteins

Biological macromolecules that transport substances, speed reactions, provide structural support, control cell growth, and make some hormones.

Nucleic Acids

Biological macromolecules that store and communicate genetic information.

Organic Compound

A compound that essentially contains carbon.

Polymers

Large molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers.

Cell Theory

A fundamental idea of modern biology stating that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and cells come only from preexisting cells.

Robert Hooke

The scientist who discovered cells by examining cork tissue.

Matthias Schleiden

The scientist who carefully studied plant tissues and concluded that all plants are composed of cells.

Theodor Schwann

The scientist who carefully studied animal tissues and concluded that all animals are composed of cells.

Rudolph Virchow

The scientist who proposed that cells arise from preexisting cells.

Compound Light Microscope

An optical microscope that uses visible light and a series of glass lenses to magnify images up to approximately $1000\times$ their actual size.

Active Transport

The movement of substances across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient that requires cellular energy.

Passive Transport

Cellular transport of substances across the membrane that does not require energy input from the cell.

Sodium-Potassium Pump ($\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+$ ATPase Pump)

An active transport pump found in the plasma membrane of animal cells that uses ATP to transport 3 $\text{Na}^+$ out of the cell and 2 $\text{K}^+$ into the cell.

Endocytosis

An active bulk transport process by which a cell engulfs large substances into a pouch that pinches off to become a vesicle inside the cell.

Exocytosis

An active bulk transport process by which cells use vesicles to expel wastes and secrete substances such as hormones outside the cell.

Runner

A type of specialized stem that grows along the soil's surface and functions in asexual reproduction, such as in spider plants.

Tuber

A type of specialized stem used primarily for food storage, such as a white potato.

Palisade Mesophyll

A tightly packed upper layer of chloroplast-containing cells in a leaf where most photosynthesis takes place.

Guard Cells

Two specialized cells surrounding a stoma that control the rate of gas exchange and movement of water vapor.

Phototropism

A growth response of a plant to light stimulus.

Gravitropism

A growth response of a plant to gravity, exhibiting positive downward growth or negative upward growth.

Thigmatropism

A growth response of a plant to mechanical stimuli or physical contact with an object.

Keratin

A protein found in outer layers of skin tissue that waterproofs and protects the tissue.

Melanin

A pigment in inner layers of skin cells that absorbs light energy and protects deeper cells from damaging ultraviolet rays.

Axial Skeleton

A division of the human skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum to form a structural framework.

Appendicular Skeleton

A division of the human skeleton that includes the bones of the shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet that allow for movement.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle tissue containing multiple nuclei per cell that attaches to bones for movement and locomotion.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle tissue with a single nucleus per cell that lines hollow internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and uterus.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart that contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

Sarcomere

The functional contracting unit of a myofibril, separated by boundaries called Z lines.

Sliding Filament Theory

The theory stating that muscles contract when actin filaments slide toward one another as myosin cross-bridges pull them using ATP.