Studied by 0 people
Cohen et al. date
1981
Cohen et al. aim
To study how existing schema affects the way we process and remember details
Cohen et al. IV
Occupation of woman: Waitress or librarian
Cohen et al. procedure
2 groups of participants watched a video of a woman celebrating her birthday with her husband (video contains equal amount of stereotypical details)
Cohen et al. results
Participants were more likely to remember schema-consistent information based on the profession they were told the woman had
What did participants tend to remember about the waitress? (Cohen et al.)
She ate a burger, drank beer, listened to pop music
What did participants tend to remember about the Librarian? (Cohen et al.)
She reads books and drank wine
Stone et al. date
2012
Stone et al. aim
To study the effect of existing stereotypes (in American culture about athletes) on memory processing
Stone et al. procedure
Participants listened to the recording of a basketball game and then asked to judge the athlete's performance
Stone et al. IV
Race of the athlete (White/black)
Stone et al. results
Black: More athletic and played a better game
White: Basketball intelligence/strategy and hustle
Bransford and Johnson date
1972
Bransford and Johnson aim
To study the effect of schema activation on information comprehension and recall
Bransford and Johnson conditions
Title before, Title after, No title
Bransford and Johnson procedure
Participants read an ambiguous passage of text (actually about doing laundry) Rated their own comprehension and recall as much details as possible
Bransford and Johnson results
Averages amount of details recalled:
Title before: 5.8 details
Title after: 2.6 details
No title: 2.8 details
Rationalization
To adapt or omit information to make it more consistent with existing schema
Bartlett date
1932
Bartlett aim
To study how memory recall is affected by existing schema
Bartlett procedure
British participants Told a Native American folk tale "War of the ghosts" (used because it had many elements that are uncommon in English storytelling)
Bartlett results
The story got shorter, and the participants changed parts of the story (e.g. supernatural elements disappeared)
Misinformation effect
Having incorrect information become part of someone's memory of an event
Confabulation
Remembering a false memory/something that never actually happened
Loftus and Palmer date
1974
Loftus and Palmer aim
To study reconstructive memory through leading questions
Loftus and Palmer procedure
Participants watched clips of car accidents then answered questions about what they saw
Critical question: How fast were the cars going when they _______ each other?
What were the 5 verbs used in Loftus and Palmer
Smashed, hit, bumped, contacted, collided
Loftus and Palmer results (1)
smashed = fastest speed estimates, contacted = slowest speed estimates
Loftus and Palmer 2nd experiment
Added question: Did you see broken glass?
Loftus and Palmer results (2)
32% of smashed condition saw broken glass, control 12%
The bystander effect
Not helping in a situation that requires action
Informational social influence
When an individual's behavior changes because they look to other people for guidance on the "right" way to behave
Darley and Latane date
1968
Darley and Latane aim
To study the effect of informational social influence on the bystander effect
Darley and Latane procedure
Control group: Alone in the room
Experiment group: Participants filled out a questionnaire in a room with confederates
Room started filling with smoke, confederates instructed not to react
Darley and Latane results
Control: 75% of participants went to look for help within 6 minutes Experiment: Only 10% sought help within 6 minutes
Diffusion of responsibility
An individual's feeling of obligation to act is reduced from being in a group
Levine et al. date
2001
Prosocial behavior
Acting in a way that benefits others
Levine et al. aim
To study the effect of economic productivity and cultural values on prosocial behavior
Levine et al. procedure
Confederates pretend to need help (e.g. dropping an item, pretending to be a blind/injured person)
Measured economic productivity through GDP
Measured relative individualism/collectivism
Levine et al. results
Strong negative correlation between economic productivity and helping behavior
Weak correlation between collectivism and less helping behavior
Altruism
To do something for others without expecting self-benefit
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
When you experience empathy for someone else, you are more likely to act altruistically and help them
Batson et al. date
1981
Batson et al. aim
To investigate the empathy-altruism hypothesis
Batson et al. Procedure
Participant + confederate "Elaine" Filled out questionnaire
Either told they were similar or different -> high/low empathy
Elaine as worker, participant as observer
Told that Elaine would receive electric shocks
Participant can choose to replace Elaine or not
Batson et al. conditions
High empathy/ease of escape
Low empathy/ease of escape
High empathy/difficult escape
Low empathy/difficult escape
Batson et al. results
Percentage that chose to replace Elaine:
High empathy/ease of escape (91%)
Low empathy/ease of escape (18%)
High empathy/difficult escape (82%)
Low empathy/difficult escape (62%)
