Civil Rights

What are civil rights?

Guaranteed protections of groups of people from discrimination, prejudice, inequality, and injustice.

What is the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause?

It states that no state shall deprive any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

What is a social movement?

A broad-based citizen-led movement that attempts to change policies.

What major social movements are recognized under civil rights?

Civil rights, women's rights, LGBTQ rights, among others.

What was the purpose of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail?

To demand fulfillment of the promises made by the Declaration of Independence and the 14th Amendment for minorities.

What case overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson?

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson.

What did the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling establish?

Racially segregated public schools violate the equal protection clause.

What was the outcome of the Brown vs. Board of Education decision?

The Court ruled that 'separate but equal' is inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?

It banned discrimination based on race, sex, religion, or national origin in public accommodations or employment.

What does the 24th Amendment prohibit?

It prohibits poll taxes.

What significant change did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 make?

It banned literacy tests and set up federal preclearance.

What does the 19th Amendment guarantee?

It guarantees women the right to vote.

What did the Equal Pay Act of 1973 address?

It banned wage discrimination based on sex, race, religion, or national origin.

What is Title IX of the Educational Amendments?

It prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program.

What does the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibit?

It bans employment discrimination against people with disabilities.

What are the requirements for service animals under the Americans with Disabilities Act?

They must enhance the ability of individuals to participate in public life.

What is strict scrutiny?

A legal standard used by courts to evaluate content-based laws, requiring the government to show a compelling interest.

What is the focus of Carolene Products' Famous Footnote 4?

It emphasizes balancing power and liberty in evaluating laws.

What event prompted federal troops to be sent to a high school for desegregation?

The desegregation of Little Rock High School.

What was the outcome of the 9-0 decision in Brown vs. Board of Education?

The Supreme Court ruled against racial segregation in public schools.

What does the term 'protected classes' refer to?

Groups of people protected from discrimination under civil rights laws.

What banned discrimination in regards to sex in federally funded education programs?

Title IX of the Educational Amendments.

What impact did the Equal Pay Act of 1973 have?

It aimed to eliminate wage discrimination.

What is the objective of social movements like civil rights and LGBTQ rights?

To bring about policy changes and expand rights for marginalized populations.

How does the government demonstrate compliance with the strict scrutiny standard?

By showing the law is the least restrictive means of achieving a compelling governmental interest.

What does 'all deliberate speed' refer to in the context of desegregation?

The mandated pace at which schools were to desegregate post-Brown vs. Board of Education.

What does federalism allow regarding civil rights laws?

It allows both state and federal governments to legislate on civil rights issues.

How did civil rights legislation impact protected classes in terms of public service?

It mandated that public service providers cannot discriminate against protected classes.

What significant legislation addressed employment discrimination against those with disabilities?

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

Which amendment granted women the right to vote?

The 19th Amendment.

What court case established the principle that 'separate but equal' is not valid?

Brown vs. Board of Education.

What characterized the majority's ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education?

It asserted that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.