kamsc bio final exam

null hypothesis

states that there will be no relationship between the variables in the experiment, that the data operated is due to chane alone

alternative hypothesis

states that there will be a relationship between the variables in the experiment, that the data is not due to chance alone

observation

something noticed with one of your senses

meniscus

the curved upper surface of water in lab equipment used to measure

bottom

liquid measurements should be made from the ______ of the meniscus

eye level

liquid measurments should be taken at the person measuring's ______

accuracy

nearness of a measurement to a known standard/value

precision

refers to the nearness of a set of values to each other

testable question

a question that data can be gathered for

science

an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

data

information gathered through observation

inference

a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

scientific hypothesis

testable statement about the natural world

scientific law

descriptive generalization about how the world operates under stated conditions

scientific fact

an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed

scientific theory

explanation of some aspect of the natural world, explains scientific laws

calibration

the act of correlating the readings of an instrument with those of a standard in order to check the instruments accuracy

inductive reasoning

reasoning from particular to general

deductive reasoning

reasoning from general to particular

revalation

beliefs gained through awakening of the truth

dogmatism

beliefs based on assumed authority, religion, folklore

mysticism/paranormal

beliefs outside the realm of science, not evidence based

empiricism

beliefs based on knowledge gained through practical experience and observation

empirical

science opperates under the _______ belief system

scientific process

a method of systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses

significant figures

give an indication of an uncertainty of measurement

kilo, hecto, deca, unit, deci, centi, milli

king henry died unexpectedly drinking chocolate milk

significant

all nonzero numbers are_____

significant

all zeros between nonzeros are _______

significant

all zeros at the end of a number are _____ if there is a decimal somewhere

not significant

zeros at the end of a number with no decimals are

random error

when the measurement has an unequal chance of being above or below other measurements, cannot be eliminated

systematic error

measurement is consistently above or below a known value, fault of bad equipment, can be eliminated through getting better equipment

osmosis

a special type of diffusion that applies to water and other solvents

cubic cm

equal to one ml

isotonic

when the water potential inside the solute is equal to that of the solvent

Independent variable

variable that is manipulated by the researcher

dependent variable

variable whose outcome will vary based on the variable manipulated by the researcher

changing

scientific discoveries are always...

falsifiable

scientific conclusions are potentially...

control group, test only one variable

two components of a good experiment

innate

beliefs gained from an inner sense/gut feeling

1/2 the smallest increment on the scale

report measurement error to

to deliver

TD

to contain

TC

+/-0.5

error when measuring mm

+/-0.05

error when measuring cm

F=(cx9/5)+32

celsius to fahrenheit

C=5/9(f-32)

Fahrenheit to celsius

K=5/9(f-32)+273

Fahrenheit to Kelvin

F=9/5(k-273)+32

Kelvin to Fahrenheit

C=k-273

Kelvin to celsius

k=c+273

Celsius to Kelvin

beaker

Used to hold relatively large amount of liquid substances

erlenmeyer flask

used to hold liquids, has narrow neck to prevent splashes

eyedropper

allows you to add a small amount of liquid, one drop at a time

funnel

for pouring liquid or other substance through a small opening

forceps

used to pick up or hold small items

mortar and pestle

used to grind up materials

pipette bulb

rubber bulb used to draw liquid into pipette

probe

a device used to explore or examine

rubber policeman

used for scraping wet solids from one container to another

spatula

small scoop used to transfer powder and crystal chemicals

stirring rod

to stir combinations of materials and to use in pouring liquids

test tube

open tube used to hold liquids

test tube holder

Holds test tubes

test tube rack

Holds test tubes

thermometer

measures temperature

wash bottle

used to rinse various pieces of laboratory glassware

watch glass

glass; used to cover an evaporating dish or beaker

gas lighter

used to light bunsen burner

wire gauze

used to spread the heat of a burner flame

culture dish

Holds liquids to grow small organisms. Glass and more expensive than petri dishes

round bottom flask

used for heating liquids

side arm flask

looks like an Erlenmeyer Flask with a side handle. vacuum filtration, removing solvent under reduced pressure, meant to hold and w/stand reduced pressure

buchner funnel

filters solids from liquids using a mild vacuum

carboy

holds distilled water

petri dish

a shallow dish used to culture bacteria

dropper bottle

used to measure out small amounts of liquids for experiments

enamel pan

rubber tubing

used to connect lab equipment to transfer liquids or gases

centrifuge

machine that separates substances by whirling them

inoculating loop

A device used to aseptically transfer and streak microbes in the laboratory.

triple beam balance

measures mass

hot finger

keeps fingers safe when touching hot lab equipment

safety goggles

protects eyes

surgical gloves

prevents contamination in lab

scalpel handle

holds scalpel blade

dissecting scissor

used to cut through skin or flesh

centrifuge tube

glass or plastic tube that holds samples within a centrifuge

magnetic stirrer

piece of metal coated with heat resistant plastic used to stir liquids on a hot plate equipped with a electric stirrer.

evaporating dish

Used to evaporate liquids from a mixture

bunsen burner

heat source

iron ring

to fasten to the ring stand as a support for apparatus

rubber stopper

used to cover ends of test tubes and flasks

volumetric pipette

a device used for precise measurement of small amounts of liquid

measuring pipette

measures volume of liquids

magnetic stir bar

To stir solutions

ring stand

Used as a support; Rings and clamps attach to the stand

cork borer

Metal tool used for cutting a hole in a cork or rubber stopper