Westcott Courses Developmental Psychology

What two components are significant early on in the psychosocial domain?

Temperament and Attachment

What kind of development is gradual?

Continuous Development

Which term is not considered a "family structure" by the U.S. Census Bureau?

Coexisting families

What needs to be assessed in order to understand the role family members have in individual development?

Processes, functions, and family structures

Which one of these items are not a part of the universal "family functions"?

Nutrition support

Parents who are ____, ___, and ____ help support their children's autonomy.

More agreeable, less anxious, and less negative

Which child characteristic is not a part of what affects child-rearing behaviors and roles?

Birth defects

Over time, parents of more difficult children may become ___ punitive and ___ patient with their children.

More, less

How many stages of development do developmetlists believe there are?

8

At what stage of development does conception occur?

Prenatal development

Which of the following is not a stage of prenatal development?

Conception

What two things influence infants and toddlers' interactions with primary caregivers (or others)?

Separation anxiety and attachment styles

What three aging processes can late adulthood individuals experience?

Optimal, normal, and impaired aging

At what age does a brain reach adult size?

7

At what developmental stage are we at most risk for involvement in violent crimes and substance abuse?

Early adulthood

What are the two key concepts in the scientific approach?

Theory and hypothesis

What key issue debates the role of early experiences on later development in opposition to current behavior reflecting present experiences?

Passive versus active issues

Which early scholar had an environmentalist position on human behavior?

John Locke

Who conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment?

John B. Watson

Which of the following options does not drive our actions according to Freud?

Distastes

According to Freud, person dominated by their __ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

Id

What major conflict occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

Oedipus/Electra complex

Which of the following examples demonstrates projection?

Chris often cheats on her boyfriend because she suspects he is already cheating on her

What stage of the psychosocial theory encompasses a main task of developing a sense of self?

Identity vs Role Confusion

Behaviorism is a theory of ___?

Learning

Which one of the following questions is not an example of classical conditioning?

You try a new brand of peanut butter and you don't like it

What do organisms learn to associate in operant conditioning?

Behavior and its consequence

Which options are examples of reinforcers?

Praise and receiving money

How many parts does the observational learning process consist of?

4

What happened during the preoperational stage in Piaget's stages of development?

Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex thoughts are still difficult. Conservation is developed

What kind of abuse involves the aggressive behavior that is intended to control someone else. Such abuse can include threats of physical or sexual abuse, manipulation, bullying, and stalking.

Psychological

What is the most common form of child abuse?

Neglect

Which of the following options is not a type of child neglect?

Relationship

What are common characteristics shared by abusers?

Poverty, stress, and substance abuse

What type of hormone(s) is produced in higher levels in abused children's brains?

Stress

Which of the following is not a result of higher levels of stress hormones?

Higher stress thresholds

Which of the following is not an example of medical neglect?

Not giving enough nurturance

Which of the following are abused children who are abused most likely to do?

Use alcohol and other drugs

What are three examples of nonphysical forms of punishment?

Humiliation, threats, and ridicules

Which of the following is an increased risk between youth who experience harsh

Cognitive problems

Which step is not involved in one method of scientific investigation guided by a theory?

Neither conducting the study nor interpreting the results

What kind of research relies on numerical data or using statistics to understand and report what has been studied?

Quantitative research

Which of the following is not an example of a descriptive question?

"What is on the menu?"

What kind of research allows researchers to collect data from relatively large samples?

Survey research

What is a major weakness of observational studies?

Does not allow the researcher to explain casual relationships

What is one of the most difficult aspects of designing a good survey?

Wording questions in an unbiased way

Validity refers to ___ and reliability refers to ___ in responses to tests and other measures; great care is taken to ensure the validity and reliability of surveys.

Accuracy; consistency

How many variable(s) at a time can you examine with correlational research?

2

What kind of information does the correlation coefficient provide us with?

The direction and strength of the association between two variables

What kind of correlation will have a low absolute value?

A weak correlation

What variable is altered or introduced by the researcher?

Independent variable

What type of research design is used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time?

Cross-sectional research

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of longitudinal research?

Changes with age over time are measured

What is an example of attrition?

Participants may change their phone number, participants may move

What is an advantage of sequential research designs?

Can be used to examine cohort effect

How many chromosomes do normal cells contain?

46

What term is used to describe how characteristics are a result of several genes?

Polygenic

About how many twins around the world are monozygotic twins?

1/3

Which of the following is an example of a genetic disorders that is dominant gene-linked?

Tourette syndrome

What is the most common cause of chromosomal variations?

The age of the mother

Which of the following is not a chromosomal disorder?

Achondroplasia

Where does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes

Which kind of cell contains genetic information from both the male and female?

Zygote

Less than __ of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks.

1/2

What is the name of the structure that us connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

Placenta

At what stage is the organism most vulnerable to the greatest amount of damage if exposed to harmful substances?

The embryonic period

The Fetal Period is from weeks __ to __.

9-40

When the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a ___.

Fetus

What is fully developed at about week 16?

Fingers and toes

Which of the following is not a type of genotype-environment correlation?

Behavioral genotype-environment correlation

The __ initially makes up about 50 percent of our entire length when we are developing in the womb at birth.

Head

By age two, a single neuron might have ___ of dendrites.

Thousands

What are the branching extensions that collect information from other neurons?

Dendrites

Which of the following is the frontal lobe not responsible for?

Language

The average newborn will spend close to ___% of the sleep time in the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase.

50

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill?

Writing with a pencil

Research demonstrates that infants who were fed breast milk tend to have lower rates of ____.

Asthma

Which of the following is not a category of Malnutrition?

Overweight

Stunting negatively affects ___ and ___ development.

Cognitive; physical

Fewer than __% of infants across the world are breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months of life.

40

What is the name of the type of malnutrition coined "disease of the displaced child"?

Kwashiorkor

Women with ___ are routinely discouraged from breastfeeding as the infection may pass to the infant.

HIV

At what age is an infant during coordination of secondary circular reactions?

8 months to 12 months

What is a component of language that uses the smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language?

Phoneme

By ___ months of age a child's ability to recognize phonemes becomes very similar to that of the adult speakers of the native language.

10

Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is when children begin to experiment and try out new behavior?

Tertiary circular reactions

What are the stages in Abrahams Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Psychological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization

Which psychologist suggested that learning drives development?

Lev Vygotsky

Synaptic pruning refers to _________.

The loss of synapses that are unused

What is the name of the structure that connect the two hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus Colllosum

Which of the following is not a gross motor skill that can be accomplished at age 2?

Can build a tower of six to seven cubes

________ is using previous knowledge to determine the missing piece, using basic logic.

Transitive interference

People with autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically show an impaired ability to recognize other people's ________.

Minds

Typically before what age are disturbances present in people with autism?

36 months

Which of the following is not an environmental factor that is thought to be associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder?

Vaccinations

A child's vocabulary expands between the ages of two to six from about ___ words to over ___ words through a process called fast-mapping.

200, 10,000

Children will interact with each other and share toys, but are not working toward a common goal is the definition of?

Associative play

What is out self-description according to various categories, such as our external and internal qualities?

Self-concept

Cross-cultural studies reveal that children are aware of gender roles by age __ or __.

Two, three

Parents typically supply boys with trucks, toy guns, and superhero paraphernalia, which are active toys that promote __ skills, aggression, and solitary play.

Gross motor