Module 4: Bacterial Diseases in Horses

Identify.

Other name for Strangles

Distemper

Identify.

An infectious, contagious disease that causes abscessation of the lymphoid tissues of the URT

Strangles / Distemper

Identify.

Causative agent of Strangles

Streptococcus equi

Identify.

This bacteria is gram-positive (+), capsulated, B-hemolytic, Lancefield group C coccus

Streptococcus equi

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S. equi is an ____ parasite and a primary pathogen

obligate

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Strangles is a highly host-adopted that affects only horses, ___, & ___.

donkeys; mules

True or False.

The organism of strangles is NOT SUCEPTIBLE to desiccation, extreme heat, & exposure heat to sunlight.

False.

The organism of strangles is susceptible to desiccation, extreme heat, & exposure heat to sunlight.

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Under favorable conditions, the organism can survive _____ outside of the host under field conditions; it cannot survive _____.

4 weeks; 96 hours

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Strangles is a highly contagious disease that produces ___ morbidity but ___ mortality in susceptible animals.

high; low

True or False.

Strangles is a SELF-LIMITING disease as long as without complications.

TRUE

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Strangles is transmitted via ____ & _____ contact with infectious exudates.

fomites; direct

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In strangles, ____ animals are an important source of infection & could initiate outbreaks in premises previously free of the disease.

carrier

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Incubation period for strangles is variable but ranges ____ days

3-14

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The first sign of strangles is a fever of ______° C

39.4-41.1

Identify.

This disease cause the following clinical signs:

• mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge

• depression

• submandibular lymphadenopathy

Strangles / Distemper

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In strangles infected horses with involvement of the _________ lymph nodes have difficulty in swallowing, _______ respiratory noise due to compression of the ____ pharyngeal wall, & extended head & neck.

retropharyngeal; inspiratory; dorsal

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Animals with residual immunity develop ____ or ____ form of strangles with mucoid nasal discharge, cough, & mild fever.

atypical; catarrhal

Identify.

This disease is characterized by abscessation in other lymph nodes particularly those in the abdomen & less frequently in the thorax.

Metastatic Strangles / Bastard Strangles

Identify.

This disease is the most common cause of brain abscess in horses although it’s rare.

Metastatic Strangles / Bastard Strangles

Identify.

This diagnosis for this disease are the following:

• bacteria culture of exudates

• CBC

• endoscopic examination of URT

• ultrasonography of retropharyngeal area

• X-ray of the skull

Metastatic Strangles / Bastard Strangles

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In metastatic strangles, bacterial culture of exudates are obtained from _____ & ___ swab samples.

abscesses; nasal

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In metastatic strangles, x-ray of the skull is done to determine _____ abscessation

retropharyngeal

Identify.

Environmental conditions recommended during strangles treatment.

warm, dry, dust-free

Identify.

Method used to facilitate abscess maturation in strangles treatment.

warm compress

Identify.

Purpose of draining mature abscesses in strangles treatment.

speed up recovery

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Mature abscesses need to be ___ or ____ to heal in strangles treatment.

drained; emptied

Identify.

This solution is used to flush ruptured abscesses in strangles until discharge ceases.

3–5% povidone-iodine

Identify.

Drug class used to reduce pain, fever, and improve appetite.

NSAIDs

Identify.

Surgical procedure for horses with retropharyngeal abscessation & pharyngeal compression.

Tracheotomy

True or False.

Antimicrobial therapy promotes abscess maturation.

FALSE.

Antimicrobial therapy provides temporary relief from fever but delays maturation of abscess.

Enumeration.

Situations indicating antimicrobial therapy use in strangles treatment.

Dyspnea, dysphagia, prolonged high fever, severe lethargy, anorexia

Identify.

Antibiotic used during early stage (≤24 hrs of fever onset) in strangles treatment that can arrest abscessation formation.

Penicillin

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Consequence of early antimicrobial treatment on immunity.

poor immune response

Identify.

Dosage and route of procaine penicillin in strangles treatment.

22,000 IU/kg, IM, BID

Identify.

Antibiotic of choice in strangles treatment.

procaine penicillin

Identify.

Possible result of untreated guttural pouch infection

Guttural pouch empyema

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Type of immunity produced after natural exposure to strangles.

Post-exposure immunity

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Antibody type locally produced against antiphagocytic M protein.

IgA

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Strangles vaccination with IM products does not induce _______ immunity.

Mucosal

Identify.

Type of strangles vaccine that elicits mucosal immune response.

Intranasal live attenuated strain

Identify.

Antibody class responsible for mucosal immunity

IgA

Identify.

Side effect of strangles vaccine at the IM injection site.

Abscess

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Lymph node commonly affected as a side effect of strangles vaccination.

Submandibular lymph node

Identify.

Type of nasal discharge that may result from vaccination for strangles.

serous

Identify.

Immune-mediated complication that may follow strangles vaccination.

Purpura hemorrhagica

True or False.

Some owners avoid strangles vaccination due to side effects.

TRUE

Identify.

Minimum number of days new animals should be quarantined in strangles control.

14–21 days

Identify.

Number of negative nasal swabs required before ending quarantine in strangles control.

2

True or False.

Caretakers should wear protective clothing when handling infected horses.

True

Identify.

Disinfectants used after cleaning contaminated equipment for strangles control.

Chlorhexidine gluconate, glutaraldehyde

Identify.

Source of infection in prolonged carrier states for strangles.

Guttural pouch empyema

Fill in the blank/s.

Control of _______ population is important in preventing spread of strangles.

fly

Identify.

Personnel other than caretakers required to wear protective clothing when handling strangles infected animals.

Farriers, trainers, veterinarians

True or False.

Horses stop shedding Streptococcus equi immediately after recovery.

FALSE.

Horses continue to shed organisms 1 month after recovery.

Identify.

Number of negative nasopharyngeal swabs needed to confirm non-shedding status for strangles.

3

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Negative nasopharyngeal swabs for strangles should be collected at _______ day intervals.

4-7

Identify.

Recommended duration of isolation after recovery from strangles infection.

1 month

Identify.

Other name for Tetanus

Lockjaw

Identify.

Tetanus is caused by the specific neurotoxin of this species.

Clostridium tetani

True or False.

All mammals are susceptible to tetanus.

FALSE.

Almost all mammals are susceptible to tetanus

Identify.

These animals are relatively more resistant to tetanus.

dogs, cats

Identify.

This animal is quite resistant to tetanus.

Birds

Identify.

These animals are the most sensitive of all species to tetanus.

Horse, lambs

Identify.

Type of paralysis caused by tetanus

rigid paralysis

Identify.

What does tetanus inhibits?

glycine

Identify.

This species is an anaerobe with terminal spherical spores, found in the soil & intestinal tracts.

Clostridium tetani

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C. tetani is introduced into the tissue through wounds that provide suitable ______ environment

anaerobic

Identify.

Type of wound/s that is usually being proliferated by C. tetani

long, narrow

Identify.

In lambs, tetanus often follows what procedure/s.

docking, castration

True or False.

Spores of C. tetani are unable to grow in normal tissue & circulating blood.

TRUE

True or False.

Animal dies when infected no matter how much antibiotics & antibodies are given & presented, unless at an early stage.

TRUE

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The toxin is absorbed by the ____ then gains access to the ____ producing the tetanus.

PNS; CNS

True or False.

C. tetani remain localized in viable tissue.

FALSE

C. tetani remain localized in necrotic tissue.

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Toxin is absorbed by the motor nerves & causes ______, _____ contractions of voluntary muscles by interfering with the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter from presynaptic nerve endings

spasmodic; tonic

Identify.

This failure is due to spasms affecting the larynx, diaphragm, & intercostal muscles

Respiratory Failure

Identify.

Incubation period of tetanus.

10-14 days

Fill in the blank/s.

In tetanus, there’s localized stiffness of _____ muscles, muscles of the ___, _____ & region of the infected wound which become more pronounced

masseter; neck; hindlimbs

Identify.

Due to this clinic signs, the tetanus affected horses are placed in a dark room

tonic spasms, hyperesthesia

Identify.

It’s called lockjaw due to difficulty in what?

prehension, mastication

True or False.

In tetanus affected horses, sweating is a common sign

TRUE

Identify.

What species fall to the ground & exhibit opisthotonus with tetanus.

Sheep, goats, pigs

Fill in the blank/s.

With tetanus affected animals, temperature remains slightly above normal but may rise to _____° C toward ends of fatal attack

42-43

Identify.

Mortality rate of tetanus.

80%

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Convalescent period is about _______; protective immunity doesn’t develop after recovery.

2-6 weeks

Identify.

The following are the diagnosis for what disease.

• Clinical signs & history of recent trauma

• Demonstration of toxin in serum of affected animal

• Anaerobic culture & demonstration of bacteria from wound

Tetanus

Identify.

In early stages of tetanus these are given as treatment

curariform agents / muscle relaxants, tranquilizers or barbiturate sedatives in conjunction with 300,000 IU of tetanus antitoxin

Identify.

When draining & cleaning tetanus wounds, what drug/s are administered?

penicillin or broad-spectrum antibiotics

True or False.

Tetanus affected horses should be place in quiet, brightened stall box with feeding & watering devices

FALSE

Tetanus affected horses should be place in quiet, darkened stall box with feeding & watering devices

Identify.

This is used for horses with difficulty in standing or rising

sling

Identify.

To prevent tetanus active immunization is done thru this.

tetanus toxoid

Identify.

If the horse is not previously immunized, this amount of tetanus antitoxin is given to provide protection for 2 weeks

1,500-3,000 IU

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Toxoid is given simultaneously with antitoxin & repeated in ____, while toxoid booster should be ____

30 days; yearly

Identify.

When should mares be vaccinated when pregnant?

last week of pregnancy

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Antitoxin is given to foals at ____of age & in high-risk foals

5-8 weeks

Identify.

Causative agent of botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Identify.

this disease is rare in horses but known to be fatal.

Botulism

Identify.

Botulinum toxin acts on the peripheral nervous system by preventing transmission of _______

ACH / nerve impulses

Identify.

What type of paralysis does Botulism cause.

flaccid paralysis

Identify.

The pre-formed toxin of botulism are found where.

soil, decaying plant / animal matter

Identify.

Aside from adult horses, botulism also affects?

foals less than 8 months