Module 4: Bacterial Diseases in Horses

Identify.

Other name for Strangles

Distemper

Identify.

An infectious, contagious disease that causes abscessation of the lymphoid tissues of the URT

Strangles / Distemper

Identify.

Causative agent of Strangles

Streptococcus equi

Identify.

This bacteria is gram-positive (+), capsulated, B-hemolytic, Lancefield group C coccus

Streptococcus equi

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S. equi is an ____ parasite and a primary pathogen

obligate

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Strangles is a highly host-adopted that affects only horses, ___, & ___.

donkeys; mules

True or False.

The organism of strangles is NOT SUCEPTIBLE to desiccation, extreme heat, & exposure heat to sunlight.

False.

The organism of strangles is susceptible to desiccation, extreme heat, & exposure heat to sunlight.

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Under favorable conditions, the organism can survive _____ outside of the host under field conditions; it cannot survive _____.

4 weeks; 96 hours

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Strangles is a highly contagious disease that produces ___ morbidity but ___ mortality in susceptible animals.

high; low

True or False.

Strangles is a SELF-LIMITING disease as long as without complications.

TRUE

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Strangles is transmitted via ____ & _____ contact with infectious exudates.

fomites; direct

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In strangles, ____ animals are an important source of infection & could initiate outbreaks in premises previously free of the disease.

carrier

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Incubation period for strangles is variable but ranges ____ days

3-14

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The first sign of strangles is a fever of ______° C

39.4-41.1

Identify.

This disease cause the following are clinical signs:

• mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge

• depression

• submandibular lymphadenopathy

Strangles / Distemper

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In strangles infected horses with involvement of the _________ lymph nodes have difficulty in swallowing, _______ respiratory noise due to compression of the ____ pharyngeal wall, & extended head & neck.

retropharyngeal; inspiratory; dorsal

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Animals with residual immunity develop ____ or ____ form of strangles with mucoid nasal discharge, cough, & mild fever.

atypical; catarrhal

Identify.

This disease is characterized by abscessation in other lymph nodes particularly those in the abdomen & less frequently in the thorax.

Metastatic Strangles / Bastard Strangles

Identify.

This disease is the most common cause of brain abscess in horses although it’s rare.

Metastatic Strangles / Bastard Strangles

Identify.

This diagnosis for this disease are the following:

• bacteria culture of exudates

• CBC

• endoscopic examination of URT

• ultrasonography of retropharyngeal area

• X-ray of the skull

Metastatic Strangles / Bastard Strangles

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In metastatic strangles, bacterial culture of exudates are obtained from _____ & ___ swab samples.

abscesses; nasal

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In metastatic strangles, x-ray of the skull is done to determine _____ abscessation

retropharyngeal

Identify.

Environmental conditions recommended during strangles treatment.

warm, dry, dust-free

Identify.

Method used to facilitate abscess maturation in strangles treatment.

warm compress

Identify.

Purpose of draining mature abscesses in strangles treatment.

speed up recovery

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Mature abscesses need to be ___ or ____ to heal in strangles treatment.

drained; emptied

Identify.

This solution is used to flush ruptured abscesses in strangles until discharge ceases.

3–5% povidone-iodine

Identify.

Drug class used to reduce pain, fever, and improve appetite.

NSAIDs

Identify.

Surgical procedure for horses with retropharyngeal abscessation & pharyngeal compression.

Tracheotomy

True or False.

Antimicrobial therapy promotes abscess maturation.

FALSE.

Antimicrobial therapy provides temporary relief from fever but delays maturation of abscess.

Enumeration.

Situations indicating antimicrobial therapy use in strangles treatment.

Dyspnea, dysphagia, prolonged high fever, severe lethargy, anorexia

Identify.

Antibiotic used during early stage (≤24 hrs of fever onset) in strangles treatment that can arrest abscessation formation.

Penicillin

Identify.

Consequence of early antimicrobial treatment on immunity.

poor immune response

Identify.

Dosage and route of procaine penicillin in strangles treatment.

22,000 IU/kg, IM, BID

Identify.

Antibiotic of choice in strangles treatment.

procaine penicillin

Identify.

Possible result of untreated guttural pouch infection

Guttural pouch empyema

Identify.

Type of immunity produced after natural exposure to strangles.

Post-exposure immunity

Identify.

Antibody type locally produced against antiphagocytic M protein.

IgA

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Strangles vaccination with IM products does not induce _______ immunity.

Mucosal

Identify.

Type of strangles vaccine that elicits mucosal immune response.

Intranasal live attenuated strain

Identify.

Antibody class responsible for mucosal immunity

IgA

Identify.

Side effect of strangles vaccine at the IM injection site.

Abscess

Identify.

Lymph node commonly affected as a side effect of strangles vaccination.

Submandibular lymph node

Identify.

Type of nasal discharge that may result from vaccination for strangles.

serous

Identify.

Immune-mediated complication that may follow strangles vaccination.

Purpura hemorrhagica

True or False.

Some owners avoid strangles vaccination due to side effects.

TRUE

Identify.

Minimum number of days new animals should be quarantined in strangles control.

14–21 days

Identify.

Number of negative nasal swabs required before ending quarantine in strangles control.

2

True or False.

Caretakers should wear protective clothing when handling infected horses.

True

Identify.

Disinfectants used after cleaning contaminated equipment for strangles control.

Chlorhexidine gluconate, glutaraldehyde

Identify.

Source of infection in prolonged carrier states for strangles.

Guttural pouch empyema

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Control of _______ population is important in preventing spread of strangles.

fly

Identify.

Personnel other than caretakers required to wear protective clothing when handling strangles infected animals.

Farriers, trainers, veterinarians

True or False.

Horses stop shedding Streptococcus equi immediately after recovery.

FALSE.

Horses continue to shed organisms 1 month after recovery.

Identify.

Number of negative nasopharyngeal swabs needed to confirm non-shedding status for strangles.

3

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Negative nasopharyngeal swabs for strangles should be collected at _______ day intervals.

4-7

Identify.

Recommended duration of isolation after recovery from strangles infection.

1 month