Global Politics and Issues Final

Globalization

A historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents.

State

A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority

nation

a politically organized body of people under a single government

Protastant Reformation

European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Sovereign Equality

The idea that all countries have the same rights, including the right of noninterference in their internal affairs.

society of states

an association of sovereign states based on their common interests, values, and norms

balence of power

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming to strong

national self-determination

the right of people to decide how they should be governed

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Liberal Democracy

A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.

Appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Holocost

the massive slaughter of europeans especialy jews by nazi

Superpower

a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world

hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

bipolar (power structure)

A power structure dominated by two powers only, as in the case of the United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Arms Race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Ostpolitik

Willy Brandt's policy of "opening toward the east" that increased relations between West and East Germany in 1972

Hyperpower

A state that is vastly stronger than its potential rivals, and so dominates world affairs.

Terrorism

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

Oligarchs

A small group of powerful and wealthy individuals who gained ownership and control of important sectors of Russia's economy in the context of the privatization of state assets in the 1990s.

Hard Power

The reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems.

Soft Power

The reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems.

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Decolonialization

The process of a former colony's gaining (or regaining) independence over its territory and establishing (or reestablishing) an independent government.

Realism

political philosophy that sees the struggle for power and the potential for conflict as a necessary evil in the pursuit of national interest

Thomas Hobbes

Author of the book, Leviathan, He was a political philosopher that helped define Realism

Who said "Without central government, the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty brutish, and short" ?

Thomas Hobbs

Who said "the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory"?

Max Weber

Statism

A belief held by Realists, the idea that the rights of the nation are supreme over the rights of the individuals who make up the nation

self-help

the principle that because in international anarchy all global actors are independent, they must rely on themselves to provide for their security and well-being

Security dilemma

A dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves cause other states to feel less secure. This dilemma can lead to arms races and war due to fear of being attacked.

Anarchic System

a realist description of the international system that suggests there is no common power or central governing structure

Protectionism

Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports

Moral Relativism

The view that there is no absolute or universal moral law or truth, resulting in a morality determined by cultural factors or personal preference.

Enlightenment

A movement focused around secularism, progress, science, reason, knowledge, and freedom

Democratic Peace Thesis

The notion that there is an intrinsic link between peace and democracy, in particular that democratic states do not go to war with one another, Wealth generation is more important that security, and security comes from wealth

Free Trade

international trade free of government interference

Marxism

A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Constructivism

A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through reflection on experiences

Nationalism

the idea that the world is divided into nations, and these nations provide the overriding focus of political identity and loyalty that in turn demands national self-determination.

Civic Nationalism

A vision of a nation as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values, regardless of racial, gender, religious, or linguistic identity

Ethnonationalism

loyalty toward a nation based on specific ethnic community such as a language or religious community

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the American experience was different or unique from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill."

Modern States

State that focus on Economic growth and building up power and authority at home and abroad

Post modern states

Multilateralist states that are focused on building global regimes to deal with security challenges presented by the modern and premodern states

What are some examples of Modern States?

China, India, and Brazil

Premodern states

States struggling with political, social, and or economic instability. They present the biggest challenge to global security, as they are incubators for terrorism, and havens from drug sales, human trafficking, arms trading, and piracy

Foreign Policy

The articulation of national interests and the means chosen to secure them

material intrests

Tangible things that a nation desisres, SUch as trade agreements, energy recourses, and control over strategic territory

Ideal Interests

Things like the promotion of a nations values, norms and policy ideas that enhance the Secuity and prosperity of the original nation state

What are the 6 different perspective of foreign policy?

Security, Economic welfare, Prestige, Promotion of values, Expansion of territory or vital recourses, and External Peace and stability.

Classic Realists

The belief that States are unitary rational coherent actors, and military power is the dominant tool to achieve this

coercive diplomacy

the use of threats to influence the outcome of a bargaining interaction

Acquiescent Strategy

a foreign policy strategy in which a state defers to the interests of a major power (When states choose to align with communism or capitalism during the Cold War)

Preservative Strategy

a foreign policy aimed at preserving power and status in the international system (Examples include the UK and France)

public diplomacy

The use of media, the Internet, and other cultural outlets to communicate the message of a state

Carrot and Stick Diplomacy

The use of Hard and soft power to aid in diplomacy

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Human Security

the security of people, including their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their dignity, and the protection of their human rights

International Court of justice

UN body that makes legal decisions involving disputes between national governments

International Criminal Court

a court established by the Rome Statute, within the United

Nations for indicting and administering justice to people who commit war crimes

International Institutions

formal international organizations and informal regimes that establish common rules to regularize international contacts and communications

International Law

The law that governs relations among nations

International Organization

group that includes two or more states seeking political and/or economic cooperation with each other

Nongovernmental organizations (NGO)

International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.

intervention

the interference of a state or group of states into the domestic affairs of another state

Legue of nations

the first attempt to set up a world body that would attempt to keep peace among all nations. US president Wilson favored this but its structure made it weak and useless

Multilateral diplomacy

diplomacy involving three or more states at a time; typically many states are involved

Multinational Corporations

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation

World Food Programme

Works to eliminate world hunger by providing emergency food aid and by promoting sustainable food security in developing countries.

UN General Assembly

a body composed of representatives of all states that allocates UN funds, passes nonbinding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council

UN Secretariat

The UN's executive branch, led by the secretary-general

UN Security Council

A 15-member panel which bears the UN's major responsibility for keeping international peace.

How many Syrian refugees and asylum seekers are there?

Over 6.8 Million

How many Syrian people are internally displaced?

approximately 6.7 million

How many Syrians need some form of humanitarian assistance?

over 11 million

What are the three major problems tackled by international law and international organizations?

Coordination of global linkages, responding to common problems, and protecting core values.

regime

A government arrangement where a set of rules, norms, and practices that shape the behavior of all actors in a given issue area

Human rights

The rights and freedoms to which everyone is entitled

What is the Us Military chain of command?

1. The president, 2. the Secretary of defense/deputy secretary of defense, 3. Office of the secretary of defense, Chairman of joint chiefs/ chief of staff, Unified combatant commands, and other military departments (Army, Navy, and Airforce)