PBSI 302

Personality

Usual pattern of affect, behavior, and cognition.

Influences on Personality

Shaped by genetics, culture, and social factors.

Person-Situation Debate

Conflict between stable traits and situational influences.

S-Data

Self-evaluation of one's own personality traits.

Pros of S-Data

Access to personal thoughts and feelings.

Cons of S-Data

Subject to bias and unreliability.

Face Validity

Assessment's apparent ability to measure intended traits.

I-Data

Informant judgments about a person's personality.

Pros of I-Data

Real-world basis; contextually relevant information.

Cons of I-Data

Limited context and potential biases from informants.

L-Data

Life outcomes as indicators of personality traits.

Pros of L-Data

Objective, verifiable data from archival records.

Cons of L-Data

Influenced by multiple factors beyond personality.

B-Data

Behavioral data collected through observation or self-report.

Diary Method

Self-observation of behavior over time.

Behavioral Experiments

Controlled situations to observe reactions and behaviors.

Pros of B-Data

Range of contexts and reduced distortion.

Cons of B-Data

Difficult to interpret and expensive to conduct.

Mixed Types of Data

Data that combines S-data and B-data elements.

Behavioroid

Participants report hypothetical behaviors they might exhibit.

Psychometrics

Study of measurement theory in psychology.

Generalizable Data

Data applicable to a larger population.

Measurement Error

Less error indicates more reliable measurements.

Validity

Extent to which a test measures what it claims.

Reliability

Consistency of measurement across time and contexts.

Constructs

Theoretical concepts used to understand psychological phenomena.

Validity

Degree a measurement reflects intended quality.

Reliability

Consistency of a measurement across time.

Construct Validity

Accuracy of an instrument in assessing a concept.

Construct Reliability

Consistency of a method in evaluating constructs.

Internal Consistency

Consistency within a measurement instrument itself.

Cronbach's Alpha (α)

Statistic indicating internal consistency, ideally .80 or higher.

Test-Retest Reliability

Similar results from tests taken at different times.

Inerrater Reliability

Correlation between different coders' ratings of assessments.

Cohen's Kappa

Statistic used for measuring interrater reliability.

Face Validity

Items appear to measure what they intend at face value.

Predictive Validity

Measure relates to a specific behavior or outcome.

Barnum Effect

Tendency to believe vague positive statements about oneself.

Factor Analysis

Technique identifying groups with common characteristics.

Case Method

In-depth study of a specific event or individual.

Statistical Significance

Results occurring by chance less than 5% of the time.

Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)

Determines chance of obtaining results if no effect exists.

Correlational Study

Research technique measuring relationships between two variables.

Effect Size

Magnitude or strength of the relationship between variables.

Correlation Coefficient

Measure of effect size ranging from -1 to 1.

Publication Bias

Stronger results are more likely to be published.

P-Hacking

Manipulating data to achieve statistical significance.

Open Science

Promotes transparency and accessibility in research.

Open Science

Practices promoting transparency and sharing in research.

Informed Consent

Participants must agree to participate in research.

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

Groups ensuring ethical treatment of research participants.

Projective Tests

Psychological tests revealing unconscious personality elements.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Analyzes responses to inkblots for personality insights.

Draw-A-Person Test

Interprets drawings to assess personality characteristics.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Participants tell stories about ambiguous images.

Self-Report Measures

Participants report their own personality traits.

Socially Desirable Responding

Tendency to answer in a favorable manner.

Acquiescence Response Set

Tendency to agree with statements regardless of content.

Replication

Reproducing research results across different studies.

Publication Bias

Preference for publishing studies with strong results.

Causality

Establishing cause-and-effect relationships in research.

Statistical Power

Ability to detect an effect in a study.

Meta-Analysis

Statistical analysis combining results from multiple studies.

Marlowe-Crowne Scale

Controls for bias in self-report measures.

Single Trait Approach

Focuses on behaviors linked to one specific trait.

Many Trait Approach

Associates multiple traits with specific behaviors.

California Q-set

Judges personality by sorting items into categories.

Essential Trait Approach

Identifies the most important personality traits.

Factor Analytic Approaches

Reduces traits by correlating measured variables.

Lexical Hypothesis

Important life aspects are labeled with words.

Big Five Personality Traits

Conscientiousness, Openness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Eysenck's Extraversion View

Reaction to sensory stimulation defines extraversion.

Introversion

A personality trait on the extraversion spectrum.

Extraversion

Craving high stimulation; may risk dangerous behavior.

Typological Approach

Focuses on distinct patterns of personality traits.

Single Trait Approach

Examines individual traits in isolation.

Well Adjusted

Successfully navigates life with positive traits.

Maladjusted Overcontrolling

Excessively controlling behavior leading to dysfunction.

Maladjusted Undercontrolling

Lacks control, often resulting in negative outcomes.

Personality Traits

Characteristics predicting average behavior across situations.

Self Monitoring

Regulating behavior to fit social contexts.

High Self Monitors

Adaptable individuals, often perceived as insincere.

Low Self Monitors

Consistent, honest individuals with strong integrity.

Stability

Higher-order trait: conscientiousness, agreeableness, low neuroticism.

Plasticity

Higher-order trait: extraversion and openness.

Openness to Experience

Trait valuing creativity, intelligence, and cultural matters.

Conscientiousness

High willpower; organized and goal-oriented behavior.

Extraversion Characteristics

Preference for social interaction and leadership roles.

Agreeableness

Trusting, cooperative, and sympathetic personality trait.

Neuroticism

Tendency towards negative emotions and mental health issues.

Big Five Personality Traits

Five traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Mate Poaching

Aggressive pursuit of romantic partners from others.

Controversies of Big Five

Not all traits, like narcissism, fit within the model.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality assessment categorizing individuals into types.

Negative Emotions

Frequent feelings of anger, anxiety, and depression.

Health Issues Linked to Neuroticism

Higher risk for depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.