Exam Makeup Review

The children’s friends

One way to assess children’s acquisition of grammatical morphemes is to use pictures like the following two as stimuli for data elicitation. The following pictures (“This is a wug, There are two wugs.” and “Whose hat is it? It is the wug’s hat.”) can be used to elicit children’s production of the grammatical morpheme(s) found in the words in ___.

Had greater difficulty with the test item on the left (TASS)

Berko Gleason (1958) used the test items presented by the following two pictures to assess the production of the plural morpheme, and found that English-speaking children ___.

CHI: I going to the shops. FAT: WHERE are you going?

This question assesses your knowledge of omission versus commission errors. The former has been found to be generally more frequent than the latter for English speaking children. Which of the child’s utterances (marked by *CHI) include an omission error of an inflectional morpheme?

Where my red ball is?

Wh- questions are one of the few sentence types for which English-speaking children reliably make word-order errors, specifically non-inversion errors. Which of the following errors involve the non-inversion of the subject and the copula verb BE?

They each contain on object complement clause

Although children produce non-inversion errors in their wh- questions, even 3-year-olds know subtle aspects of complex syntax involving wh- questions. For example, when asked two separate questions: (1) “When did the boy say he hurt himself?” or (2) “When did the bot say how he hurt himself?”, they knew that there were two possible answers of the first question and that the word “how” in the second question made only one answer possible. Here is the question. Sentences (1) and (2) involve complex syntax, because ___.

Me fall down. She jumped. It going. Want water.

Which of the 4 children would show a sentence length effect on the omission of subjects?

You are eating?

In the earliest stage of interrogative development, toddlers use rising intonation to indicate that they are asking a question. In the second stage, toddlers continue to use intonation to ask questions, but questions are increasingly complex and contain both a subject and verb phrase but do not usually contain an auxiliary verb. In cases where toddlers produce questions that contain auxiliary verbs, they do not invert them as per adult rules, rather they say, for example ___. In the third stage, toddlers produce questions that contain auxiliary verbs and invert the auxiliary and subject according to adult rules.

Anyone who believes in him will also do the works he does.

Some complex sentences are more difficult for English-speaking children than others. Which of the following sentences is the type (relative clause) that is most likely to be acquired last by English-speaking children?

Hold read to rhyme with holded

Attempts to read irregular words by the non-lexical route result in regularization errors such as the following EXCEPT ___.

Does he going to the shops?

Which of the following child utterance contains a commission error?

Antidisestablishmentarianism

Which of the following examples contains the largest number of derivational morphemes?

He wrote the letter slowly.

All of the following sentences involve syntactic ambiguity EXCEPT ___.

Awareness of phonemes as units is a later development than awareness of larger phonological units such as syllables, onset, and rimes.

Liberman, Shankweiler, Fischer, & Carter (1974) found that about 50% of 4- and 5-year-olds can tap out the number of syllables in a multisyllabic word. By contrast, they found that no 4-year-olds and only 17% of 5-year-olds were able to tap out the number of phonemes in words. The contrast suggests that ___.

A

Vasilyeva, Waterfall, & Huttenlocher (2008) found that 22-to-42 month old children from different SES groups didn’t differ in the diversity of simple sentences that contain all required arguments of the verb and followed the correct word order. These results are best summarized in Figure _.

The letter ‘f’ has different pronunciations in words such as ‘of’ and ‘loft’.

In English, a grapheme can represent different phonemes, and the same phoneme can be represented by different graphemes. All of the following statements EXCEPT ___ illustrate the observation that the same phoneme can be represented by different graphemes.

The books are large.

Roger Brown’s study of the order of acquisition of 14 grammatical morphemes found that copulas were acquired earlier than auxiliaries and in each case the two uncontractible ones. From this we know that the grammatical morpheme in ___ is acquired earlier than the others.

The impact of both ethnicity and SES background on 4th graders’ reading achievement.

The following figure presents results from National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) for reading scores of 4th graders by race, gender, and/or family income. The above figure shows that ___.

Word decoding and language comprehension

The Simple View of Reading states that reading comprehension is the product of two complex, separable, but interlinked dimensions that are referred to as ___.

Some, plaid, sew, shoe, sweat, wand

To assess children’s word decoding skills, researchers often ask children to read regular, irregular, and nonsense words. Which of the following words would be considered irregular words in word decoding tasks?

95%, 82.5%, 62.5%

A group of children with phonological dyslexia read regular, irregular, and nonsense words. The percentages of accurate reading of the three types of words by these children are listed below. Which are the expected results for this group of children with phonological dyslexia?

True

Kindergarten vocabulary is closely related to later reading comprehension. In fact, as the results below show, the relationship of vocabulary to reading comprehension gets stronger as the students of higher grades are processing more and more texts.

Weaknesses in oral language

The figure below shows that ___ have a great effect on reading growth.

You of little faith, why are you talking among yourselves about having no bread?

The present progressive morpheme, found in ___, is the first to be acquired out of Roger Brown’s 14 grammatical morphemes.