Brain Quiz 4 class

Central Nervous System

Neurons located in the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves in the body.

Somatic Nervous System

Nerves that connect to sensory receptors or voluntary muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System

Functions without effort, regulating heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms and relaxes the body.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Prepares the body for action.

Neuron

Brain cells that receive and transmit signals.

Cell Body

Provides fuel, makes chemicals, and keeps the neuron functioning.

Dendrites

Receive signals from other cells, neurons, and organs.

Axon

Carries signals to and from the cell body to organs.

Action Potential

Electric current caused by an increase in sodium concentration, resulting in a positive charge inside and a negative charge outside the neuron.

Myelin Sheath

Insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission.

End Bulbs

Store neurotransmitters and communicate with cells.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals made by neurons for communication between neurons.

Synapse

Space between the end bulb and an organ.

Acetylcholine

Controls attention, arousal, and memory.

Dopamine

Controls voluntary movement and pleasure emotions.

Norepinephrine

Controls mood, arousal, and eating.

Serotonin

Controls sleep, eating, and mood.

GABA

Inhibits excitation and anxiety.

Endorphins

Control pain relief and pleasure.

Glutamate

Arouses the central nervous system and is involved in memory.

Melatonin

Manages circadian rhythm.

Adrenaline

Activated in the fight/flight/freeze response.

Cortisol

Activated in the fight/flight/freeze response.

Testosterone

Predominant in biological men, puberty, and sexual behavior.

Oxytocin

The 'love hormone' important in trust, sexual behavior, and infant-parent bonding.

Pons

Bridge to spinal cord and brain.

Medulla

Controls vital functions like breathing and respiration.

Cerebellum

Involved in walking, balancing, coordination, and skill memory.

Reticular Formation

Regulates alertness and consciousness.

Frontal Lobe

Regulates emotions, personality, and decision-making.

Motor Cortex

Initiates movement.

Parietal Lobe

Involved in touch, memory, and spatial awareness.

Somatosensory Cortex

Processes touch, pain, and temperature.

Temporal Lobe

Involved in hearing and language.

Primary Auditory Cortex

Processes raw sounds.

Auditory Association Area

Involved in understanding of raw sounds.

Broca’s Area

Related to speech fluency.

Wernicke’s Area

Involved in understanding speech.

Occipital Lobe

Processes visual information.

Primary Visual Cortex

Processes raw visual information.

Visual Association Area

Involved in understanding what you see.

Hypothalamus

Regulates emotions, hunger, and thirst.

Amygdala

Involved in negative emotional memory.

Thalamus

Acts as a sensory switchboard.

Hippocampus

Transforms fleeting memories into permanent storage.

Corpus Callosum

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

Basal Ganglia

Regulates movements.

Pituitary Gland

Master gland that produces growth hormones.

Right Hemisphere

Involved in nonverbal tasks, spatial awareness, and recognizing others.

Left Hemisphere

Responsible for verbal tasks, mathematical reasoning, and analytical thinking.

EEG

Records brainwave activity.

CAT Scan

Used for examining brain structure through X-ray.

PET Scan

Used for examining brain function via glucose insertion.

MRI

Uses magnetic fields to examine brain structure.

fMRI

Measures blood flow related to brain function.

Accidents

Studies behavior post-brain damage due to an accident.

Anatomy Studies

Use of autopsy to identify main brain structures.