Bio 2 second half focused

Which protist has the most in common with animals

choanoflagellates

what protists are in the supergroup unikonta

animals, fungi, choanoflagellates etc

are animal heterotrophs or autotrophs

heterotrophs

what does a zygote undergo

miotic division in a process called cleavage which results in a blastula

What process do the cells of a blastula move in

gastrulation

what do the cell layers of a gastrula grow into

tissues of the fully formed animal, layers called germ cell layers

what is known about the gastrula germ layers

some have 2 germ layers while others have 3

what are diploblastic animals

develop from 2 germ cell layers, have radial symmetry

what are triploblastic animals

develop from 3 germ cell layers, have bilateral symmetry

2 different types of triploblasts

protostome and deuterostome

protostome function

blastopore forms mouth

deuterostome

blastospore forms anus

animal tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

what is a coelom

internal body cavity created by mesoderm in many triploblastic animals

radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry

radial: top and bottom, diploblastic

Bilateral: top, bottom, left, right, triploblastic

invertebrate vs vertebrate

invertebrate: animal without backbone (95% of animal species)

vertebrate: animal with backbone

what does the phylum porifera contain

sponges which are basal and lack symmetry

what does the phylum cnidaria include

corals, jellies, hydras, sea anemones, named for their stingers: cnidae

they are diploblastic thus have radial symmetry

all animal except what are in the clade bilateria: triploblastic and bilateral symmetry

sponges, corals, jellies, etc

what does lophotrochozoa contain

annelids, platyhelminths, molluscs, etc

what are annelids

water or soil swelling animals with a soft body and SEGMENTED into little rings: worm

what are platyhelminthes

FLATworms that live in marine, freshwater or damp habitats

what are molluscs

animals with a soft body and potentially a shell: slug, clam

what are gastropods

slugs and snails

what are bivalves

calms, mussels

what are cephalopods

squid, cuttlefish, octopi, etc

what does ecdysozoa contain

nematodes, tardigrades, arthropods

nematodes

round worms with NON-segmented bodies

tardigrades

commonly called water bears

arthropods

animals with segmented bodies, exoskeleton and jointed feet

insects

grasshopers, bed bugs, butterflies, etc

crustaceans

crabs, lobster, etc

arachnids

spiders, scorpions, etc

what phylum is included in the clade deuterostomia

echinodermata (spiny skin) and chordata

echinoderms include

sea stars, sand dollars, seas cucumbers and urchins

chordates have

notochord, this includes lancelets, tunicates, and vertebrates

notochord

cartilage support rod. present in all embryos

what are lancelets

a basal group of chordates

how do notochords develop

in larvae and persists throughout the animals life

are vertebrates chordates?

yes

what are cyclostomes

jawless vertebrates, Ex: hagfishes

hagfish

are marine jawless vertebrates. when attacked, they secrete several liters of slime in less than a minute

what are lampreys

marine or freshwater jawless vertebrates. they clamp their round mouth on fishes and ingest their blood and tissues.

what are gnathostomes and what clades are included

jawed vertebrates and the clade Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish") and Osteichthyes (boney fish)

What are included in the clade Chondrichthyes

SHARKIESS, rays, skates and ratfishes/chimaeras

what are included in the clade osteichthyes

ray-finned fishes and lobe finned fishes

what fish are included within the ray-finned fishes

(Actinopterygii) cod, salmon, tuna, carp, bass, eels, sea horses

what fish are included in lobe-finned fishes

(Sarcopterygii) actinistia (coelacanths), dipnoi (lung fish)

tetrapods

vertebrates with 4 feet instead of fins

amphibians

both ways of life water and land and include salamanders, frogs, caecilians

what did amphibians likely evolve from

aquatic lobe -fins and were first animals to colonize land

amniotes

tetrapod’s that have terrestrially-adapted eggs.

reptiles

are amniotes and are specifically turtles, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, birds, lizards and tuataras

compare and contrast amphibians and reptiles

reptiles: tetrapods AND amniotes, have scales/feather made of keratin, fertilization is internal and eggs are hard and laid on land

amphibians: tetrapods, no scales, fertilization is external, eggs are soft and laid in water

mammals

amniotes that are animals, often hairy with mammary glands that produce milk to feed babies

what 3 categories do mammal fall into

monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

monotremes

mammals that have hair and produce milk but lack nipples. they lay eggs and suck milk from mothers fur

marsupials

mammals that give birth to baby early in development. the baby remains in a maternal pouch (MARSUPIUM) and continues development as it nurses from nipple

eutherians

mammals whose females develop a complex placenta that nourishes fetus. longest pregnancy

Herbivores vs carnivores vs omnivorse

herb: animals that eat plants OR algae

carn: animals that eat other animals

omni: animals that eat both animals and plants or algae

what must an animals diet include

essential animo acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals

4 stages of food processing

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

suspension feeders and filter feeders (ingestion)

animals eat food suspended in water- filter out their suspended food out of water

substrate feeders (ingestion)

animals lives in or on its food source

fluid feeders (ingestion)

animals feed on nutrient rich fluids

bulk feeders (ingestion)

animals use tentacles, claws, etc to eat large pieces of food as meals

ingestion

the intake of food

digestion

chemical or mechanical breakdown of food

what are the 2 different levels of digestion

intracellular and extracellular digestion

intracellular digestion

cells perform pinocytosis or phagocytosis to take food, sponges rely exclusively on this mode

single-opening gastrovascular cavity

food enters the waste exits through the same opening. Ex: flatworms (platyhelminths) and cnidarians

two-opening alimentary canal

food enters one opening and waste exits the other. ex: vertebrates and most invertebrates

function of the mouth

site of ingestion and chewing of food

function of salivary glands

produce watery fluid with enzymes

function of esophagus

tube that moves bolus of food from mouth to stomach

function of stomach

organ that churns and digests food using enzymes and acid

function of liver

organ that produces a salty solution called bile

function of gall bladder

organ that stores bile

function of pancreas

organ that produces a juice full of enzymes

function of small intestine

organ that receives bile and pancreatic juice and absorbs digested nutrients

function of large intestine

organ that absorbs water and nutriants

function of rectum and anus

rectum is the organ that holds feces and anus is the opening through which feces pass

absorption

retrieval of nutrients from food

elimination

removal of un-digested material from the body

what 3 adaptions do animals have suited to their diet

dental, canal and mutualist adaptions

dental adaptions

teeth vary from species to species and reflect diet. ex: large incisors and canines for cutting through meat, broad molars for grinding plants

canal adpations

stomachs larger in carnivores, canals longer is herbivores

bioenergetics

flow and transformation of energy through work

thermoregulation

how animals maintain healthy body temp

endotherm

animal uses mostly internal metabolism as heat source

ectotherm

animal that relies mostly on external heat sources

excretion

the process of eliminating metabolic wastes

filtration (urinary)

wastes are filtered from the blood

reabsorption (urinary)

active recovery of useful molecules

secretion (urinary)

active loss of wastes

excretion (urinary)

release from the body

flatworm urinary system

dead-end-tubules with flame bulb called protonephridia

annelid urinary system

metanephridia

arthropod urinary system

Malpighian tubules

vertebrate urinary system

kidneys containing nephrons