INDS 1230 History test

First societies

Earth was used for architecture; abstract & tactile art

Blombos cave

Used materials they found in rocks to make cutting/needles/jewelry; used red color to make things sacred

Bears Ears

A sacred site (national monument) created by a Navajo man (native person) → his family relocated there to escape Kit Carson. It’s a twin!!!

People keep wanting to use this land for money

Chaco Canyon

National historic park → a collection of settlements. Spirit roads invite people in! & the land tells time

Twin geomorphic (two rocks that tell time) = important!

Algebra

We use arabic numbers (golden city system)!

Used to calculate the circumference of the earth and to chart the stars

Alhazen invented calculus

Fibonacci Sequence

Golden ratio; he learned about it in Africa!

Roman arch

Defined roman architecture → almost all roman structures were made out of them!

Helped divert force

Barrel vault

Extended roman arch

Also defined roman architecture

Castrum

Roman military system where after 20 years of service you became a citizen

Gothic arch

Took lines from a roman arch and brought them down

• All structural and perfectly proportional

Vaulting system invented by Abbot Suger

Mandate of Heaven

Ruler is most important person who maintains harmony (Confucius)

The Pantheon

A perfectly square building which reflected sacred geometry! Materials came from conquered places & it can tell time

Has the largest unsupported dome in the world b/c of arches

Notre Dame

A church that used to be a college of Bishops where statues held imagery.

It was built very quickly (Chartres effect), and then constantly restored and rebuilt. Flying arch was invented then!

Ellora Rock Cut Temple

One of the largest rock-cut temples in the world (Kailash)

Borobudur

A teaching monument (tells stories and history), a sacred mountain (part of the earth & buddhist body) and a mandala.

It’s one of the most complicated buildings in the world! + it’s concentric

Angkor Wat

Largest stone building on earth

Was a palace and a mortuary before it became a temple

Biet Gheorghis “St. George” Church, Lalibela

Hollowed out from the inside

Tent / Ger (Yurt)

Portable architecture → woven, based on tension and fabric

Arguably most important in architecture!

The Forbidden City

A palace in China that’s based on sacred geometries as a way to preserve harmony.

Looking at it became illegal!

Sinan

A rationalist who didn’t hide structure (brought out transparency).

Every building/mosque that he made, he innovated! All of his buildings support markets.

Used the sacred octagon (Sultan Selimeye Mosque → his last work)

Brunelleschi

An engineering genius who created octagonal scaffolding which braces the structure as it moves up.

Built the Santa Maria del Fiore dome → entirely self-supporting (engineering not a dome!)

Created a language for architecture out of geometry + classical elements

Copernicus

Polish polymath who said that the sun is at the center, not the eart

Alberti

Published a book on perspective (De Picttura)

Michaelangelo

The man, the myth, the legend who represents the Renaissance movement

Beginning of the Sistine Chapel! Also worked with carving marble into people

Bernini Fontana

Architect of papacy, became rich b/c of the popes

He built a lot of chapels and churches (very rational structures)!

Renaissance

Movement/style of rebirth where everyone freed themselves.

Economic growth, art, writing, architecture

Baroque

A dramatic, sensuous, and emotional style. Means everything everywhere all at once!

Its real goal was to stage space!

The Taj Mahal

A very famous tomb that replicated heaven (marble sitting on a riverbed)

Pinnacle of Mughal craftsmanship!

Rüstem Pasha Mosque

A mosque that commemorates Grand Vizier Rustem Pasha (1 minaret). The complex includes revenue-producing storefronts, etc.

The Duomo (Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence)

Largest church in Christendom → symbol of power. Has the dome built by Brunelleschi!

The Sistine Chapel

Place where popes meet & where biblical stories were painted. Art is integral to its meaning!

Caused a sense of fear to scare people into choosing another pope!

Papal Rome

Popes had a pretty good hold on Rome” hired architects and artists to create churches, palaces, etc. This is how we get most of artistic beauty in Rome!

Goa and the Estado des Indies

City in the middle of India that was founded by the Portuguese.

Represented the migration of style and that history never goes away!

The Louvre

French palace/castle way outside the city which later became a public museum

Versailles

French royal palace that was VERY vast (restored so many times). Projection of King’s power!

Le Patheon

Temple = French replica of Roman Pantheon. Survived the revolution b/c it was holy!

Biblioteque St. Genevieve

Library built during architecture of enlightenment that focused on being a pathway to the light. Made of iron, very abstract for its time!

Palais Garnier

Opera house with an inside facade (beginning of interior design → outside was put on the interior)

Eiffel Tower

Remaining building from Universal expo = a speculation of the radio tower. Made from steel, everyone hated it!

Moticello

Jefferson’s house = architecture of emulation that displayed his taste

The design is hiding things!

Palladio & the Villa

Palladio published books on how to design a villa: his lasting impression → have to put a temple front on it!

The Hotel and the Salon

Hotel = residence of high court aristocracy; Salon = for hosting parties

Architectura Parlante

Architecture has to speak its purpose (using ornaments to tell stories)

The Ecole des Beaux Arts

Arts school that gave architectural education. Didn’t let women in until Julia Morgan!

Julia Morgan

First woman to get into Ecole’s architectural program

Haussamanization

Transformation of Paris where a bunch of old buildings were demolished and sewage was brought int (medieval → modern)

Battle of the Styles

The conflict of who is better: us or the ancients?

Terrace house

“Apartments” in England that were scaled by class. Aspirational spaces!

Barbell Tenement

Rooms less than 100 sq ft have to have ventilation

Gilded age

Wealthiest people (in the USA) hired architects to build villas based on their taste

Craftsman home

First ever mass-produced house (US) that could be ordered through a catalogue

Catalogue

A “magazine” that came in your mail that you could use to shop (version of our online shopping!)

Used by wholesale businesses → mass production!

The Chicago School

A way of building tall to max rent and light while minimizing weight

Louis Sullivan

Believed that American Architecture shouldn’t be classical but ornamented instead. Had a complex program! He designed all of the ornaments by himself & added them for nature

Form follows function = form follows nature

(His) greatest American invention is a skyscraper

Wainwright building

Invention of the skyscraper (1st in the country); base - shaft - cap

Richardson Romanesque

First and only architectural style named after an American. Form as if it’s coming out of the east, rooted in the ground like a mountain

Frank Lloyd Wright

Very famous American architect who hated classicism and invented the Prairie style

Prairie style

First truly American style which represented a dramatic shift in design. Like an actual Prairies!

The houses focused on privacy and calmness

Robie House

Last true Prairie house & most innovative one. Emphasized horizontality! It was created so that rooms and roofs have the effect of compression and release

Ground floor is hidden, the house moves away from the street, and it includes asymentrical balance of splitting family and service.

Falling water

Wright put a part of a house (cantilever) over a rock with falling water

Marion Mahomy Griffin

First person hired by Wright (he wrote her out of history)

Wright went on a tour with a book SHE drew

Gaudi

Invented catenary curve (subset of parabola), based on physics. He built Sagrada Família!

Sagrada Familia

Gaudi’s building in Barcelona that he designed w/o plans but rather like like a sculpture. Based on the catenary curve!

Futurism

Movement that hates the past and has an idea that we should destroy everything. Glorified war, militarism, and demolishing things

De Stijl

An idea of taking all context out and just doing elements of color and line. Abstraction, elementarisation, stillness

Gerrit Reiveld

Furniture designed who worked with De Stijl. Colors defined space and function! Especially in vSchroeder House

vSchroeder House

Original de Stijl house that focused on moving planes and freezing them (diagonality!). Color defines space

Expressionism

Idea of getting rid of the darkness and filling buildings with light in order to free and liberate ourselves

Walter Gropius

Believed that everything should be the spirit of age. Emphasizes glass as the language of the future! Followed expressionism.

Bauhaus

An art school founded by Gropius. It took art, handicraft, and technology to create a new unity. Was closed because of the Nazi government

Students designed things and made $$$ for the school

Marianne Brandt

Woman from Bauhaus who designed metal products → designed the most famous lamp in human history

Lilly Reich

Interior Designer who worked on the pavilion with Mies

Mies

Classicist as a modernism, focused on materiality and getting max effect w/ min. expenditures of means. Designed the Barcelona Pavilion!

Barcelona Pavilion

Building (a meditative space) read as a series of vertical and horizontal planes

Focus on reflective nature of materiality with no program

Le Corbusier

A designer who hated Paris and wanted to demolish cities & put up towers. Another nature guy but one step up!

Believed in purism, focused on the experience, wanted to have the house industrialized

Designed Villa Savoy

Villa Savoy

“Machine in the garden” — Le Corbusier’s last white dematerialized box. He thought it was the perfect building!

Focused on the relationship between platonic exterior and functional interior

Eileen Gray

Furniture designed who built a house over a cliff that Corbusier was jealous of

Bauhaus Building

Building for the Bauhaus school of art. First time the building entrance wasn’t in the middle! Made visible the program of the school through the use of a lot of windows

The Aaltos

Designers who focused on interaction of light and sensory with human perception. Very conscious about where you put your hands!

Säynätsalo town hall

A complex of apartments, library, and a town hall designed by the Aaltos that curves in on itself

Villa Mairea

Designed by the Aaltos; approach from nature, interior is like terrain! Lots of columns but they’re all different

Saarinen

Worked with building a new MIT campus after WW2. Constructivism, expressionism

MIT Chapel

Chapel designed by Saarinen that looks like a brick drum → creates absolute enclosure. Inversion of what we think as a church! Classic compression-release

Peter Zumthor

Contemporary architect that lifted a building off the ground (architecture of the sky)

Sky Chapel

Chapel designed by Zumthor where you step off the ground and enter into a series of platforms suspended by wood

You can see light only above you, serene way of tectonics (calls out each detail of the interior!)

Tadao Ando

Japanese architects who always added unique things for his visitors to experience. Incorporated natural elements!

Charles & Ray Eames

Mass production meets design in America → created a bunch of furniture

Did a case study house on how to build a house with maximized volume with same elements & not destroy the meadow

Patkau architects

Think of modernism in terms of location and nature; designed Strawberry Vale School

Strawberry Vale School

Fragile ecosystem of pods of classrooms and a weaving corridor in between

Topography is working with the building to not destroy local landscape!

Elemental Half-Houses

A project for a Hispanic community where half of the house was completed and the other house was up to the family to complete however they wanted

It’s a way to house poor people!

Lino de Bardi

Designed who built the Glass House — interior design combinations, grand staircase from underneath to access

Also designed Museum of Art, San Paolo (MASP) → lifted it up so it wouldn’t block the view

Balkrishna Doshi

Indian architect who focused of peaceful and experiential architecture

Everything he built stand the test of time, said that architecture = life itself & a symphony of spaces!

Helen Hard

A flexible architect who took advantage of materials

Vennesla Library - like a viking boat, structure informs interior architecture and design

Bilbao

Museum with a strong identity → transformed a city! Titanium, chaotic abstract look, lots of figurative shapes (the architect worked with it like with sculpture)

Highest passageway = 26 m. from the ground, highest point of the museum = 53m. Nothing in between those two!

TAM/emergency

Organization that helped build hospitals in Africa. Their beauty shows that the patient is equal and taken care of! Architecture as an instrument of care

Has a clever system of cooling and cleaning air

Diébedo Francis Kéré

Architect who used local knowledge & earth friendly materials. Involved community in construction!

Lifted the roof above the thermal mass (Gando school) → passive cooling!