Migration EQ1

percentage of global population that are migrants

3.6%

how has globalisation changed migration through changing the global economic system

better travelling

TNCs concentrated in HICs

quarternary sector concentrated in HICs

what are the results of Japan not encouraging migration

- <2% of population are international migrants

- hydrogenous society

- protected culture/no cultural erosion

- ageing population

how has globalisation caused rural-urban migration

companies in cities

people move inwards for prosperity

What policy was implemented in China in 1978 that contributed to rural-urban migration?

Open Door Policy

What economic strategy was established in cities as part of China's globalization efforts?

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

What was a major reason for people moving from rural areas to cities in China?

Jobs and better wages

How many rural migrants were in Chinese cities in 1989?

30 million

How many rural migrants were in Chinese cities in 2008?

140 million

how has China combatted rural-urban migration

'Hukou System' 1958

-divided population, R VS U

-passport system

-difficult criteria e.g. Beijing residency: stable job, home, pays taxes

BUT 1980's, gov has tried to reform this system

Schengen agreement

A treaty made by 29 countries

-borders unregulated or abolished

-one common external border

-allows free movement of people

Impacts of Schengen agreement

-easier travel

-trade

-accelerated tourism benefits economies and locals

why might some Schengen countries feel worried about migration and easy free movement

threats of terrorism and migration crisis

examples of countries that reject migration through policies

Japan, Australia

how did Australia exclude migrants

'White Australia Policy'

- dictation test that was purposefully designed to be difficult

- restricted any non-European migrants

problems with Singapore's migration policies

-unregulated working hours

-pregnant workers deported

-domestic and professional migrants are divided

-workers have to pay to work

how many migrants does Singapore have

1.4 million

what three different types of events can cause migration

economic, environmental, political

what economic events have caused migration

- Industrial revolution (demand for labour)

- Oil boom in gulf states: Saudi, UAE (demand for foreign labour)

- European debt crisis (2010): Greece, Spain, Italy. Austerity, recession, unemployment

what political events caused migraiton

- WWII and the Holocaust (mass forced migration)

- Syrian civil war

- Russian invasion of Ukraine

what environmental factors have caused migration

- Hurricane Melissa

- Bhola cyclone

- Hurricane Katrina

- Sea level rise in Pacific

what are traditionally good causes of migration (tip: think of why u moved here)

-work

-education

-family

what are traditionally bad causes of migration

-poverty

-war/conflict

what was a real world example of a large scale migration due to the traditionally bad reasons of migration

2015 migrant crisis

where were migrants going to in 2015 and why

Türkiye, Germany, Hungary

because of Arab Winter

what is economic theory

OPEN BORDERS + DEREGULATE MARKETS + FREE TRADE = effIciency

examples of economic theory being true

Schengen area

what is the requirement for globalisation to actually encourage migration

economic theory must be followed

case study for migration causing tensions and benefits for country

Mexico - US border

why are there variations in migration to different countries

Governments role

Tensions

Level of income and skill

two reasons why Singapore and Iceland vary so much in level of ethnic, cultural and linguistic unity

Degree of isolation

Cultural identity

MEXICO US- social tensions

-ethnic tensions (xenophobia)

-pressure on services

MEXICO US- economic tensions

-perceived job competition

-wage depression in low skill sector

-untaxed labour

MEXICO US- cultural tensions

-fears cultural erosion

-language barriers

MEXICO US- political tensions

-political polarisation of those in favour in immigration

-discrimination/misinformation

Explain why modern nationalist movements face challenges in seeking increasing independence.

economic challenges

=currency (Scotland and GBP), tax revenue to support educational and health services

other challenges

=geographical factors (Scotland and EU), UK voted for Brexit taking Scotland out as well, gov of Spain didn't recognise vote for Catalonia (maybe in fear of other countries following)

factors that affect rate of assimilation + country example

1) sense of cultural identity/multi-racial culture already? (ICELAND)

2) reason for migrating is economic opportunity=easier to assimilate (AUSTRALIA)

3)governments openness to migration (SINGAPORE)

two ways immigration can cause political tensions

1) ethnic enclaves in cities e.g. Whitechapel in London

2) disputes over borders e.g. US-Mexico border

what policy allows for 'unrestricted movement of labour'

free movement

how does free movement (aka movement of labour) mean better economy

people can move to work in a field that they are most efficient in

European debt crisis (2008)

change in migration numbers

prior=3-4 million per year

during=net flow of 1.5 million