Macro Final Exam

What is glycolysis used for

Breakdown of glucose to do ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation

starting products for glycolysis

glucose

end products of glycolysis

pyruvate

enzyme responsible for glucose release from the liver (not the muscle)

glucose-6-phosphatase

end products of carbohydrate oxidation

CO2 and water

How to name fatty acids

count the carbons, put a colon, count the double bonds, and write, then what carbon from the omega side did it start on

How many moles of ATP are formed from a fatty acid

cutting phase (generating 4 ATP), feed acetyl coa into TCA (generating 10 ATP), determine cuts (N/2-1) (multiply by 4) and acetyl coa (n/2) (multiply by 10), subtract 2 for the ATP used at the beginning.

The hormone that affects lipolysis

insulin

functions of glycerol

a backbone for triglycerides. Substrate for gluconeogenesis.

end products of lipid oxidation

CO2 (from 2 steps in the Krebs cycle) and water (from the ECT)

The enzyme that hydrolyzes blood triglycerides

lipoprotein lipase

chylomicron

carries dietary fat, made in the small intestine

VLDL

the endogenously derived triglycerides that move away from the liver

LDL

made from VLDL once it loses its triglycerides (chopped off by lipoprotein lipase)

HDL

dumps to the liver by LCAT.

Where are triglycerides used

in the liver

What enzyme allows us to store cholesterol in tissues

ACAT

What enzyme is rate limiting in cholesterol synthesis

HMG coa reductase

What does a statin do

inhibit HMG coa reductase

Purpose of conjugated bile acids

more polar, can form micelles

bile acids

cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid.

Conjugated bile acids

glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid.

the essential amino acids

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histadine, leucine, lysine

the gluconeogenic amino acids

alanine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, valine, methionine, histidine, and arginine

ketogenic amino acids

leucine & lysine

the ammonia-carrying capacity of amino acids

glutamine = 2, alanine = 1

the function of transamination

to make a nonessential amino acid.

the shuttle systems that transfer NADH

glycerol phosphate shunt in the mitochondria in the liver

the shuttle system that transfers acetyl CoA for fat synthesis

citrate shuttle

pathway of the citrate shuttle

citrate synthase produces citrate in the mitochondria. It gets split by citrate lyase and malonyl coa is created from ACC

Substrates for gluconeogenesis

glucogenic amino acids, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol

Brain fuel in starvation

ketones

Metabolism during type one diabetes

no insulin being made, can't get glucose into cells. Need an insulin shot. Other tissues are broken for energy (protein & fat). Is fatal without treatment.

Metabolism during type 2 diabetes

making insulin but it's not responding. Insulin overproduces and the pancreas might eventually stop producing.

Vo2 max

max volume of oxygen that a particular person can utilize (higher the better), indicates fitness level.

Percent vo2 max

how much oxygen you are using, the insensitivity of activity.

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

Pathways that require NADPH

alcohol (MEOS system), fatty acid synthesis

Pathways that create CO2

glycolysis, beta-oxidation

Ketone formation substrate

acetyl coa

Substrates for exercise over time at a low intensity

creatine phosphate, then glycolysis, & fat

The function of insulin

Inhibits lipases and regulates blood sugar

Insulin resistance

T1D where you don't respond to insulin properly.

How does insulin regulate blood sugar

by causes glucose to go into the cell when it goes to the blood and tissues and binds to an insulin receptor which moves glucose transporters to the surface of the cell.

Functions of the kidney

Acid-base balance, absorption, excretion of nitrogen in the form of urea, gluconeogenesis in starvation, and amino acid metabolism

Respiratory quotient

co2 produced/o2 consumed

RQ 1

body is metabolizing carbs.

RQ .7 means

body is metabolizing fat.

RQ .85 means

body is metabolizing fat and carbs

RQ .82 means

the body is metabolizing protein

RQ under .8 means

underfed

RQ under .7

starvation/low carb diet

VO2 25-30%

low intensity

VO2 50-75%

moderate intensity

VO2 over 85%

high intensity

ATP mechanisms

substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation

Substrate level phosphorylation

two reactions together (coupling the reactions)

Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP synthase and electron transport

Hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

Substrates used in exercise

higher intensity less fat used. Longer low intensity, more fat used. Longer higher intensity like a marathon, supplemented with carbohydrates.

Why you cannot use 100% fat

all your cells do not have mitochondria (RBC). You need carbs & protein in your diet.

Fatty acid location

cytosol

Beta oxidation location

mitochondria

Hexose monophosphate shunt/pentose phosphate location

cytosol

Glycogen synthesis location

cytosol

Glycogen lysis location

cytosol

TCA cycle location

mitochondria

Pyruvate carboxylase pathway

gluconeogenesis

Acetyl coa carboxylase pathway

fatty acid synthesis

The two parts of the fatty acid synthase complex are

condensing enzyme and acyl carrier protein.

Functions of acetyl coa

makes ketones, fatty acids, and cholesterol, feeds the TCA cycle to make ATP.

Harris-Benedict/Mifflin St. Jeor measures this type of energy

basal.

EER measures this type of energy

total.

How reactions are inhibited by alcohol

they can go backward or stop completely. The NADH/NAD ratio gets thrown off and enzymes begin to compete with one another. Alcohol generates NADH and NAD is used in alcohol metabolism.

phenylalanine

proline

tyrosine kinase

tryptophan

histadine

methionine

alanine

leucine

valine

glutamine

aspartic acid

glycine

glutamic acid

isoleucine

cystine

threonine

serine

arginine

lysine

asparaginine