Asian Studies 235

Ravana 라바나

The demon king of Lanka and the antagonist in the Ramayana, who abducts Sita.

One Country, Two Systems

The constitutional principle under which Hong Kong maintains its own legal and economic systems while being part of China.

Pancasila 판차실라

official state ideology of Indonesia, which consists of five principles: belief in one God, a just and civilized humanity, Indonesian unity, democracy through deliberation, and social justice for all Indonesians.

agni pariksha

A trial by fire, referring to the test of purity that Sita undergoes in the Ramayana.

Bhakti 바크티

Devotion, particularly religious devotion, often to a deity.

Brahmin, 브라만

A member of the priestly class in Hindu society, regarded as the highest caste.

chhaya 차야

Shadow; often used metaphorically in Indian texts.

Hanuman 하누만

A Hindu god and devoted follower of Rama, known for his strength and loyalty in Ramayana.

Hindi

A language spoken in India, one of the official languages of the country.

Hindu 힌두

A follower of Hinduism, a major religion of India

Lakshman (aka. Laksmana) 락슈만

Rama's younger brother, who plays a crucial role in the Ramayana.

normative

Relating to standards or norms, especially in societal or religious contexts.

Rama (aka Ram, Ramachandra, etc) 라마

The hero of the Ramayana, regarded as an ideal man and an avatar of the god Vishnu.

Ramayana (aka. Ramayan) 라마야나

An ancient Indian epic that narrates the life and adventures of Rama.

Tulsidas 툴시다스

A Hindu poet-saint, known for his version of the Ramayana, called the Ramcharitmanas.

Valmiki 발미키

The ancient sage who composed the original Sanskrit version of the Ramayana.

Thammarat 탐마랏

A Thai term for "good governance" combining the Buddhist ideas of righteousness ("tham") and kingdom or governance ("marat"). It reflects an ideal in Thai political thought about virtuous and fair leadership.

Tibetan

Refers to the people of Tibet and the language they speak.

nationalism 민족주의

An ideology based on strong identification with one's own nation and the belief in its superiority or independence.

Khmer Rouge (aka Angkar, "The Organization") 크메르 루즈

A radical communist group that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 responsible for the deaths of nearly two million people through genocide, forced labor, and starvation.

Ho Chi Minh 베트남 노동당 위원장 1951-1969

The revolutionary leader of Vietnam, key in the country's fight for independence from France and later the communist leader during the Vietnam War.

More Flags program 다국기 프로그램

Known as Free World Assistance Program, this was a US initiative under President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 aimed at increasing international support for the Vietnam War by encouraging allies to send troops, aid, or other assistance.

Chiayi Prison Museum 치아이 감옥 박물관

This is a historical prison museum located in Chiayi, Taiwan, which provides exhibitions on Taiwan's penal history and human rights.

vernacular

The everyday language spoken by ordinary people in a specific region or country, as opposed to literary or official language.

Dalit 달릿

A member of the lowest caste in the Indian caste system, often referred to as untouchables.

Fire (1998 film)

A controversial Indian film directed by Deepa Mehta, dealing with issues of sexuality and women's rights in a traditional society.

Sanskrit

An ancient Indo-European language of India, in which many Hindu scriptures are written.

sati 사티

An obsolete Hindu funeral practice where a widow immolates herself on her husband's pyre.

Sita (aka. Janaki, Seeta) 시타

The heroine of the Ramayana and the wife of Rama, regarded as an ideal woman in Indian culture.

Vernacular( adj, and noun)

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region.

Party chief (aka party secretary)

leader of a political party

Amdo 암도

One of the three traditional regions of Tibet, located in the northeast.

Constitution of the People's Republic of China 중화인민공화국 헌법

The supreme law of the People's Republic of China

loan translation(aka calque) 대응 번역, 칼크 번역

A form of translation where each component of a word or phrase is translated literally from one language into another.

metadiscursive (adjective) 메타 담화의

Refers to language that comments on or analyzes discourse itself.

monoglot language ideology (aka Speak Mandarin Policy) 단일 언어 이데올리기

The belief in or promotion of the use of only one language, such as China's policy encouraging the use of Mandarin over regional languages.

neologism

A newly coined word or expression.

Riots(protests) in Lhasa, 2008 라싸 폭등

Refers to the protests and riots in Tibet's capital, Lhasa, in 2008, against Chinese rule.

self-immolation

The act of setting onself on fire, often as a form of protest.

semantic (adjective)

Related to meaning in language

verbal hygiene

The idea of maintaining and cleansing language usage, often tied to cultural or political motives.

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era 신시대 중국적 사회주의 시진핑 사상

The political ideology introduced by Xi Jinping, the current leader of China, focusing on socialism adapted to Chinese culture and modern needs.

Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998

A period of financial turmoil in East and Southeast Asia, which began in Thailand in 1997 and affected many Asian economies.

bhat 바트

currency of Thailand

bourgeosie 부르주아지

the middle or capitalist class, typically characterized by ownership of capital and production means.

coinage (of language)

The creation of new words or terms in a language.

Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR)

A region in China designated as autonomous where Tibetans live and Tibetan culture is prominent.

1967 protest in Hong Kong

A series of pro-communist riots that occurred in Hong Kong inspired by the Cultural Revolution in China.

Annual June 4 vigils in Hong Kong, 1989-2020

Annual gatherings held in Hong Kong to commemorate the victims of the Tiananmen Square Massacre of June 4, 1989

Basic Law of Hong Kong

mini-constitution of Hong Kong that outlines its governance under the One Country, Two Systems principle after its handover to China in 1997.

Central (district in Hong Kong) 센트럴 (홍콩 지역)

A major business and financial district in Hong Kong.

Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China (1966-1976)

A socio-political movement launched by Mao Zedong to preserve communist ideology by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society.

Decolonization

The process by which colonies become independent from the colonizing country.

handover of Hong Kong

The process by which colonies become independent from the colonizing country.

National Security Law ( The law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2020)

A controversial law passed in 2020 by Chinese government aimed at preventing subversion, secession, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces in Hong Kong

neoliberalism

An economic and political ideology that promotes free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending.

Occupy Central protests/ movement in Hong Kong 2013-2014

A series of pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong demanding greater democratic rights, also known as the Umbrella Movement.

Occupy Wall Street Protests/ movement in the United States, 2011-2012

A protest movement against economic inequality and corporate greed hat began in New York City's Wall Street area.

Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984

An agreement between the United Kingdom and China that outlined the terms under which Hong Kong would be handed over to China in 1997.

Special Administrative Region (abbr. SAR)

A designation for regions like Hong Kong and Macau in China, which have a high degree of autonomy.

Umbrella Movement

A 2014 pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong, where protesters used umbrellas to shield themselves from tear gas, demanding universal suffrage in the election of the Chief Executive.

comfort women 위안부

a euphemism for women who were forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army during WW2

collective memory

The shared memory of a group, often related to historical events or experiences that shape a community or nation's identity.

division of the Korean peninsula into the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and into the Republic of Korea both founded in 1948 한반도 분단

division of Korea into two separate nations after WW2 each with its own government

Encyclopedia of Pro-Japanese Collaborators 친일파 백과사전

reference work that documents individuals who collaborated with Imperial Japan during its occupation of Korea

ethnos/ethnicity (Minjok) 민족 (Japanese minzoju, Chinese minzu, Vietnamese dan toc)

terms referring to ethnicity or an ethnic group, often denoting a shared national or cultural identity.

Im Chong-Guk 임종국

A South Korean historian and activist known for his research on pro-Japanese collaborators.

imagined community 상상의 공동체

concept by Benedict Anderson, referring to the socially constructed sense of community and belonging that members of a nation feel despite never meeting all other members.

Imperial Japan= Great Japanese Empire ( as Japan called itself from 1889 to 1945, modeled on the Empire of Great Britain)

term used by Japan to refer to itself during its imperial period, when it sought to expand its empire across Asia

Korean War (1950-1953) 한국 전쟁

A war fought between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea(supported by the United States and United Nations forces), resulting in the current division of the peninsula.

Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities 친일파 연구소

An institute dedicated to studying individuals and groups that collaborated with Japanese occupation forces.

liberation of Korea (8/15/1945, celebrated in South Korea as liberation day, The festival of the Return of the Light, and in North Korea as Day of the Liberation of the Fatherland) 한국 해방, 남한은 광복절, 북한은 조국 해방의 날

End of Japanese colonial rule over Korea, celebrated annually in both South and North Korea.

memory entrepreneur 기억 기업가

A person or group involved in shaping and promoting collective memory, often for political or social purposes.

nation-state 국가

A political entity characterized by a defined territory and a government, where the majority of the population shares a common identity, language, or culture.

nation traitor 국가 배신자

A person who is seen as betraying their country, often by collaborating with enemy forces during wartime.

Park Chung-hee

president of S.K from 1963 until his assassination in 1979, known for his authoritarian rule and rapid economic development policies

Roh Moo-Hyun

President of South Korea from 2003-2008 known for his efforts to improve inter-Korean relations and fight corruption

Rhee Syngman

First president South Korea serving from 1948-1960 known for his anti-communist stance and leadership during the Korean War

Special Act on Asset Confiscation for Pro-Japanese and Anti-National Collaborators to the State( ratified in 2005 aka 'Special Law to Redeem Pro-Japanese Collaborators' Property) 친일 및 반민족 행위자 재산 국가 귀속 특별법

A law passed in South Korea in 2005 that allowed for the confiscation of assets from individuals who collaborated with Japanese colonial authorities.

Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (aka 1965 Korea-Japan Normalization Treaty' signed 6/22/1965) 한일 기본 관계 조약(1965 한일 국교 정상화 조약)

Treaty between S.K and Japan that normalized diplomatic relations in 1965, despite lingering tensions over Japan's colonial rule.

communitarian (adj)

a political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of community and collective values over individualism

dirigiste (adj, from dirigisme)

Referring to an economic system in which the government exerts strong control over investment and economic direction

Enlightenment in Europe 유럽의 계몽주의

A European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

globalization

process by which business, cultures, and nations become interconnected and operate on global scale.

glocalization

The practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations, blending global strategies with local adaptations.

governance

process of governing, which includes the methods and systems by which an organization or government controls and directs operations.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization that works to stabilize exchange rates and provide financial assistance to countries in economic distress.

liberal (adj, in the European or global sense)

Relating to political and economic policies that emphasize individual freedoms, democratic governance, and free-market economies.

Prince Wan (1891-1976; aka. Narathipphongpraphan) 완 왕자; 나라팁퐁프라판

A significant Thai diplomat and statesman, known for his work at the United Nations and his contributions to Thai politics.

proletariat 프롤레타리아트

working-class people, especially those who do not own capital and must sell their labor to survive

Royal Institute of Thailand 태국 왕립 연구소

An institution responsible for the preservation and promotion of Thai language, culture, and academic research.

snooker 스누커

A cue sport similar to pool or billiards played on a rectangular table covered with a green cloth.

Thai (Siamese) Revolution of 1932 태국(시암)혁명

Revolution in Thailand that transformed the country from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.

thammarat (Thai thamma < Pali dhamma+ Thai rat<Pali rajja) 탐마랏

Thai term meaning righteous governance combining Buddhist concepts of moral law(dhamma) with the idea of governance or kingdom(rajja).

Hun Sen (1951-) 훈 센

Prime Minister of Cambodia since 1985, known for his long-standing leadership of the contry.

Kaing Geuk Eav, aka Duch (1942-2020) 깅 구엑 에아브, 두치

head of the Khmer Rouge's S-21 prison, responsible for the torture and execution of thousands during the Cambodian Genocide

People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979-1989) 캄푸치아 인민 공화국

A government established in Cambodia following the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge regime, supported by Vietnam.

Pol Pot (1925-1998; General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, 1963-1981) 폴 포트(캄푸치아 공산당 서기장)

Leader of the Khmer Rouge, responsible for the Cambodian genocide during his time in power.

S-21/ Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum 툴 슬랭 학살 박물관

Former high school that turned into a prison by the Khmer Rouge, where thousands were tortured and killed; it is now a museum dedicated to the Cambodian genocide.

Stilled Lives: Photographs from the Cambodian Genocide 고요한 삶들: 캄보디아 학살 사진들

A photographic exhibit documenting the lives and deaths of Cambodians during the Khmer Rouge era.