Conflict, peace, nation states & international order

What is the end of the game?

• Biology - clash victory

• Material interests - sufficiency

• Struggle for recognition - recognition

• Mimetic rivalry - submission/scapegoat

• Ideology/religion - annihilation

• Values/identity - distance

The negative emotions involved

• Biology - fear

• Material interests - need (hunger)

• Struggle for recognition (Hegel) - humiliation

• Mimetic rivalry (Girard) - resentment

• Ideology - hatred

• Values - estrangement/indifference

International relations : four phases

• 1300-1648

  • Multiple wars

  • Formation of national religions

• 1648 – 1789

  • Formation of sovereignity

  • Instrumential nation states

  • States are hard entities

• 1789 – 1945

  • National communities are striving for global hegemony

  • Colonialism

• 1945- present

  • End of formal colonialism

  • Cold war and international institutions

• 1989 – 9/11 – amreican hegomony

• 2001 – a multipolar world

Immanuel Kant

• Can we prevent conflict in international relation

• Eternal peace

• What we should strive for is to have a world that has order

• On treaties, territories, armies, debts, self determination and war regulations

• Republicanism – has to do with loyalty

• Kant was very inspiring for people

Immanuel and the state

• Federations of state – the national sovereignty

• Immanuel was a visionary thinker

• The nation state had their own territory but that is not justified

• No national boundaries

• This is they way it should be , a world without boundaries

what are Immanuel Kant’s early ideas about peace?

• Achieving lasting peace between nations

• Humanity moves towards a more peaceful word through the use of reason and enlightenment

• Lasting peace can be achieved through moral principles, rationality, republican governance

• Creation of republican states

• Creation of a federation of nations where states can work together voluntarily to maintain peace while respecting each others sovereignty

• Moral duty and rationality leads to peaceful world order

Universal hospitality

• If we have no nation states there should be international order and the principle of hospitality

• If nation states are there they are but don’t have legitimacy for isolation, they should be open

• right of all individuals to be treated with respect adnd dignity when visiting foreign lands

• visitors can visit peacefully

• understanding, cooperation and peace among nations

Cosmopolitan order

• Dangers of economic globalisation

• Kant introduced the idea

• where people and nations are a part of larger global community

• Citizens are members of their own nation and universal community thar shares common values and goals

• Cosmopolitan perspective promotes the idea of universal rights

• the idea that people shoudl treat others with respect and fairness

Francis Fukuyama

• The end of history

  • The end is now there and we are entering a new phase

• Triggers conflict that we can over come

• On the way to one world

• The world of thumos – in between reasons and emotions

  • Hegelian background – struggles for recognition

  • Kantaian background – dignity as essential for human

  • human desire for recognition and respect

  • motivating force that can drive social and political action

• After the end of history now a new battle between identities

The world of thumos – in between reasons and emotions

• Hegelian background – struggles for recognition

• Kantaian background – dignity as essential for human

• human desire for recognition and respect

• motivating force that can drive social and political action

What does Fukuyama say about expectation of one world?

• End of history

  • end of cold war and soviet union

  • the world witnessed a triumph of liberal democracy

  • ideological evolution has reached its peak

• More nations will adopt democratic governance that leads to a more interconnected world

• Spread of economic globalization

  • global market encourages trade, cooperation between countries

  • economic interdependence among nations can boost more peaceful world order

Samuel Huntington

• Clash of civilization

  • Cold war and communism and western world

• Long history – the goals of civilization that are recognizeable areas that share cultures

• Western, chinese, islamic, hinduism japan, latin america, africa

• Fault lines, bloody borders

• The west vs the rest

  • The rest doesnt want to accept western leadership and values

  • the west is facing challenges from the rest, specially islamic

• Individual values agains traditional

Fault lines - bloody borders

• Where clashes between civilizations are most likely to occurr

• Regions where different civilizations meet

  • Hindu vs Islam

  • Islam vs. the west

• tension in the area

• The countries look towards each other and feel the opposition

• Struggles between the bloody borders and civilizaiton

What does samuel huntington say about the clash of civilization?

• sources for conflict post cold war will not be ideological or economic but cultural and civilizational

• the world is divided into distinct civilizations defined by cultural, religious, historic factors

• cultural differences will lead to tension and conflicts between civilizations

• Interaction between the distinct civilizations will lead to tension and conflict

  • specially islam and west

Dominique Moisi

• Politics of emotion

The importance of emotions in politics

• Emotions play a crucial role

• Often driving decisions and shaping public opinion more than rational thinking

• understanding the emotions is important for comprehending global dynamics

Three primary political emotions

• Hope (asia)

  • can inspire collective action and social change

  • countries seek progree, democracy, better future

• Anger/humiliation (arab rold)

  • Suffered from colonialism

  • Humiliation by the western and own leadership

  • drives countries to aggressive behaviour

  • nations that feel disrespected may seek to maintain their power

• Fear (us/europe)

  • can lead to defensive and aggressive policies

  • secure the borders, enhance military

  • response to terrorism, rise of rival power'

  • ‘What is the world going to do with us’

  • ‘When will china take over’

  • ‘Are we going down economically’