Leadership 240 Final Exam Review

Based on Final Exam Study Guide and Previous Quizzes

Northouse claims that power …

Is a concept often associated with leadership.

Northouse claims that power …

Is no longer synonymous with leadership.

Northouse cites James MacGregor Burns for the claim that …

Power is not an entity that leaders use, but instead a product of relations.

Northouse defines power as …

The capacity or potential to influence.

Motivation must be inferred from _________.

Behavior

In Wren, at least five (5) bases of power are introduced, based on the work of French and Raven. In Northouse, it is six (6). Simply list the six (6) bases of power.

1) Coercive Power

2) Expert Power

3) Referent Power

4) Legitimate Power

5) Reward Power

6) Information Power

In Northouse, position power is described as …

The power that an individual has from a particular role in an organization.

In Northouse, personal power is described as …

The power an individual has by being seen by their followers as knowledgeable and likeable.

Northouse admits that the trait approach focuses exclusively on …

The leader and does not take into account the situation.

Kirkpatrick & Locke, excerpted in Wren, define traits as …

General characteristics, including capacities, motives, or patterns of behavior.

Northouse claims that a trait approach is …

No longer applicable to leadership studies.

Northouse admits that, for purposes of research …

Traits and characteristics must be inferred.

Kirkpatrick & Locke, excerpted in Wren, note that traits alone are …

Not sufficient to explain successful leadership. 

Northouse claims that agreeableness is …

A good predictor of leadership potential.

Studying leader behavior is _________, meaning that its focus is more on what a leader does than on the followers or the situation.

Leader-centric.

A leader’s behavior is generally …

Easier to observe and measure than traits are. 

According to Northouse, ________ is always associated with leadership success. In fact, the research has been inconclusive.

No universal set of leader behaviors.

According to Northouse, the findings of a behavioral approach do tell us that _________ prefer different leadership styles.

Different cultures.

According to Hersey and Blanchard, excerpted in Wren, the basic distinction between task and relationship orientations on a two-dimensional chart has merit, but the research shows that in terms of effectiveness, since ________, so must one’s leadership style.

Situations differ.

Ohio State Studies

• Distinguished consideration behaviors from initiating structure.

• Conceived its two distinct behaviors as independent continuums/continua

University of Michigan Studies

• Distinguished employee-centered orientation from production-centered orientation.

• Conceived its two distinct behaviors as opposite ends of a single continuum

List the five (5) correct leadership styles, according to the Managerial/Leadership Grid. In addition, identify the one claimed by Blake, Mouton, and associates to be the most effective.

1) Team Management

2) Country Club Management

3) Impoverished Management

4) Middle of the Road Management

5) Authority Compliance

What is Weber's definition of charisma?

The quality that makes a leader seem extraordinary in the eyes of followers, giving them authority. It’s personal, emotional, and often appears during crises or periods of uncertainty.

How did Murrow use charisma? (Film Based Question)

Calm authority, integrity, and intellectual appeal to encourage public reasoning and moral courage. He empowered others without dominating them, using charisma to sustain critical thought.

How did McCarthy use charisma? (Film Based Question)

Authoritarian. He mobilized people through fear and aggression, using charisma to control and manipulate rather than uplift others.

How do natural sciences explain charisma?

• Mirror Neurons: People feel emotional responses around charismatic figures.

• Hormones: Chemicals like dopamine and oxytocin increase admiration and trust.

• Evolutionary Perspective: Leaders with confident, persuasive traits had better survival odds, explaining why humans respond to these qualities.

What is transformational leadership

Inspires followers to become their own leaders.

How does Benjamin Zander use Transformational Leadership?

Inspires others to realize their full potential, believing in their capacity for growth, and awakening deep emotional connections to drive personal transformation.

What is "transportation" in storytelling (Denning)?

The psychological process where an audience becomes emotionally and mentally immersed in a story, leading to attitude shifts and behavioral changes.

Provide examples of transportation in different media.

• Literature: Novels pull readers into characters' worlds, making them experience emotions.

• Music: Songs evoke strong emotions and reflections.

• Film: Movies connect viewers to characters, leading to empathy and reflection.

What findings from evolutionary anthropology are useful for understanding leadership?

• Strong, close-knit groups outperform loose, individualistic groups.

• Successful leadership fosters cohesion, trust, and mutual support.

• These principles are rooted in survival strategies of early humans, who thrived in cooperative groups.

What is narrative intelligence (Denning)?

The ability to understand, interpret, and create stories that give meaning to experiences.

How do leaders use narrative intelligence?

To inspire and unify teams, giving a shared sense of purpose and meaning.

What is symbolic learning in the context of Becket?

Uses major symbols, such as the crown (political power) and the altar (spiritual authority), representing deeper conflicts.

How does Becket’s story represent vicarious knowledge?

Becket’s internal struggle between loyalty to personal relationships (Henry II) and higher moral authority (the Church) provides a learning experience for the audience.

How does Becket explore personality, emotion, concrete situations, and ethics?

• Personality: Explores Becket’s transformation from political pragmatism to moral conviction.

• Emotion: Tension between Becket and Henry II over loyalty and betrayal.

• Concrete Situations: Political standoff between church and state.

• Ethics: Becket’s dilemmas about loyalty and spiritual duty.

What is Foucault's concept of "Subjects" in relation to Becket and Goodnight, and Goodluck?

• Foucault's "Subject": Fully internalizing one’s role often requires growing apart from others or institutions.

• Becket: Grows apart from Henry II to prioritize spiritual loyalty.

• Murrow: Sacrifices professional ties to stand against McCarthyism, embracing his moral leadership.