GIVE ME LIBERTY Ch.16 AMERICAS GILDED AGE

A&P Grocery (Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company

Most prominent nations chain at the time

Sears and Roebuck Co.

National mail order firm, based in Chicago, sold jewlery, farm equipment and more

Montgomery ward

national mail order firm in Chicago, Sold jewiery, farm equipment Other goods to rural families around the country

Ivory Soap

national personal care brand, symbolized continuing integration of economy

Quaker Oats

National brand, its spread symbolized continuing integration of the economy

Trusts/Monopolies

legal devices where companies combined to limit competion

Vertical integration

a business Strategy, companies avoidance of intermediaries by producing its own supplies providing distribution of its product (controlled every phase of business - raw materials → distribution)

Andrew Carnegie

American Industrialist, created a steel company using vertical Integration, workers worked 12 hrs everyday but with the profits he built libraries in towns throughout the country (philanthropy)

What did Carnegies rise from humble beginnings signify

his rise from humble beginnings and growth of wealth reinforced Gilded Age "rags → riches”

Horizontal integration

process in which a corporation buys out / acquires or merges w its competition.

John D. Rockefeller

buisnessman/industalist who dominated the oil industry

drove out compening oil firms w cutthroat competition, arranging secret deals w rauroad companies

later went on to establish a vertically integrated monopoly

Social Darwinism

Application of Charles Darwins Theory of Natural Selection to Society; used the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to justify class distinctions & explain poverty

Sherman Anti Trust Act of 1890

prohibited monopolistic business practices + trusts that restrain interstate of foreign trade

→ intended to prevent business mergers that stifled competition.

"Yellow Dog" Contracts

agreement forcing workers to agree not to join a labor union as a conditions of employment

Lochner v. New York

1905 Supreme at case, voided a state law establishing 10 hours per day or 60hrs a week a the maximum hours of work for bakers

United States v E.C Knight Co.

US Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman antitrust act could not be used to break up a sugar refining monopoly because the constitution empowered congress to regulate committee but not manufacturing

Great Rail Road strike

A series of demonstrations, some violent, held nationwide in support of striking Railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Virginia who refused to work due to wage cuts

Knights of Labor

Founded 1869 the first national Union lasted only until 1890s it was replaced by the American Federation of labor

Terrance Powderly

Leader of the knights of labor (first group to try to organize unskilled workers and skilled ones)

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Prominent, women led organization during the gilded age that aimed to eradicate the consumption of alcohol to protect family units

Who was the founder of the women’s Christian temperance union ,

Francis Willard

Bible Belt

A place where political action revolved around religious principles

Where was the Bible Belt mainly located

Mainly in southern US and Missouri where evangelical Protestantism was strong

Social Gospel

Ideals preached by liberal Protestant clergy men in the 19th and early 20 century advocated the application of Christian principles do social problems generated by industrialism

Walter Rauschenbusch

Baptist minister from New York social gospel took shape of his writings

insisted freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of wealth

Haymarket Square Riot

Violence during anarchist protest at HayMarket Square in Chicago May 4 1886

8 deaths including 7 police men led to the trial of 8 anarchist leaders for conspiracy to commit murder

Bonanza Farms

Large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the in the west in the late 19 century

Morrill Land Act 1890

Federal government granted state 30,000 acres of public land per senator/ representative to fund public universities

What were land grant colleges

Institution of higher education via Morril land act of 1890

EX Cornell and Texas A&M

Chief Joseph

Leader of the Nez Percé tribe across the Rocky Mts in a Far west chase

The Nez Percé

native tribe, seeking escape to Canada after fights with settlers who encroached on tribal lands in Oregon & Idaho

Sitting Bill

Hunkpapa Lakota holy man + chief who united Sioux tribes to fight against US government displacement policies

Crazy Horse

Oglala Lakota war leader, known for his rolein the victory of the Little bignorN

Lakota Sioux

Nomadic native tribe, inhabiting the Great Plains

George Custer

US army officer, Famous For his reckless leadership during the Indian wars, esp, his defeat @ the battle of the Little Bighorn

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Most famous batte of the black hills war, took place in 1876 in the Montana Territory; Lakota + Cheyenne Waynors massacred a vasty out numbersd US Calvary, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George A Custer

Dawes (Severalty) Act

Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage the adoption of white norms amongst natives it broke up tribal holdings into small farms for native Families ; with the remainder sold to white purchasers

Ghost Dance

a political & spiritual movement among native Americans whose Followers performed a Ceremonial" ghost dance"

intended to connect living dead + make natives bulletproof in battles intended to restore their homelands

Wounded Knee Massacre

Last incident of the Indian Wars it took place in 1890, in the Dakota Territory, where the US calvary Killed over 200 Sioux men, women+ children

BufFalo Bills Wild West Show

popular vaudeville traveling entertainment show created by William "Buffalo Bill" Cody, Featuring spectacles of frontier life like Shooting, horse riding+staged battles w native Americans

Gold Standard

policy at various points of American history by which the dollar was set at a fixed price in terms of gold

Civil Service Act of 1883

Law that established the Civil service commission + ended the spoils system

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1887

First significant Federal law to restrict immigration based on race, prohibiting Chinese laborers from entering the US for 10 years