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John Rawls
a Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University, Fulbright
fellow at Oxford in 1952. He was the Professor of Philosophy
in the Universities of Princeton, Cornell, Harvard and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Theory of the GOOD as Justice and Justice conceived as Fairness.
Rawls developed a theory of ________ and ___________
assist a society in ordering its affairs.
Rawls' theory was developed to ____________________
1. 'Outline of a Decision Procedure for Ethics', Philosophical Review (1951)
2. 'Two Concepts of Rules', Journal of Philosophy (1955)
3. 'Justice as Fairness', Philosophical Review (1958)
4. 'Distributive Justice', Philosophy, Politics and Society (1967)
5. A Theory of Justice (1971)
6. 'Kantian Conservatism in Moral Theory', Journal of Philosophy (1980)
7. 'The Principles of Liberty and Their Priority', The Tanner Lecture on Humanities (1982)
8. 'Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical', Philosophy and Public Affairs (1985)
9. 'The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (1987)
10. 'The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good', Philosophy and Public Affairs (1988)
11. 'The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus', New York University Law Review (1989).
12. Political Liberalism (1993)
13. The Laws of Peoples (1999)
14. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001)
RAWLS' MAJOR WORKS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (14)
ayaw na ni oy
'end of ideology'
(post world war II era)
A general skepticism over the study of political philosophy - the ___________________ debate.
The major political issues were:
(post world war II era)
The major political issues were:
John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, Hume
Rawls was deeply influenced by the liberal thinkers like ___________, ______________, ____________ , ____________ and others.
systematic reconstruction and defense of the values of liberal democracy
'normative and impure'
RAWL'S CORE ISSUE:
• Rawls saw problems for the justification of liberal democratic order in the American society during his times. In this context he offered a theoretical scheme for the ____________________________________________.
In doing this Rawls demonstrated that because of the dependence and urgency of the political questions, they can not be primarily philosophical in nature and they should be studied in reference to other social sciences, especially economics. He insisted that the method of political philosophy was essentially _________ and _________ in nature.
theory of justice;
'well-ordered society'
The objective of the theory:
To provide a justification for political liberalism, Rawls made an attempt to workout a ____________ that would be appropriate for a ______________.
• i) A society "as one designed to advance the good of its members and effectively regulated by a public conception of justice".
• ii) "... it is a society in which everyone accepts and knows that the others accept the same principle of justice and the basic social institutions satisfy and are known to satisfy these principles."
To Rawls, a well-ordered society or a good society should have two major aspects:
reasonableness and impartiality
Rawls argued that it was possible to envisage a class of hypothetical 'competent moral judges' who would be able to decide between competing moral and political ideals from a position of ___________ and ___________ and they would not be committed to the application of ideals derived from any of the moral standpoints within the society.
Justice as Fairness
- justice should be regarded as a virtue of institutions, or 'practices', rather than of particular actions or persons.
Distributive Justice
- it is upon a correct choice of a basic structure of society, its fundamental rights and duties, that the justice of distributive share depends.
social contract
As to him utilitarianism sacrificed individual freedom for the sake of common good.
And intuitionism was also a weak theory to him as it left little for individual's judgement guided by his reason.
To find out the best possible way to make such a 'correct choice' Rawls revived the notion of ___________ against the then dominant theories of utilitarianism and intuitionism.
++ unsay problema ni rawls w utilitarianism and intuitionism?
Social contract theory
theory that allowed for the separation of justice - the right, from the notions of what would produce the most good.
jus;
tie or a bond
The term 'justice' originates from a Latin word _____, meaning a _______ or _____ in English.
Justice
_______ is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought.
untrue;
unjust
• -"Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. A theory however elegant and economical, must be rejected if it is __________; likewise laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged, must be reformed or abolished if they are ___________. Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override."-Rawl's
(i) everyone accepts and knows that the others accept the same principle of justice
(ii) the basic social institutions generally satisfy and are generally known to satisfy these principles
A society is well-ordered when it is not only designed to advance the good of its members but when it is also effectively regulated by a public conception of justice.
That is, a society in which
(i) _____________________________ and
(ii) __________________________________."
hypothetical contract
• 'Justice as fairness' could only accounted for from the standpoint of a _____________, which is not a device for entering a particular society or setting up a particular form of government, but the context in which the principles of justice appropriate for the basic structure of society are formulated.
1. 'Circumstances of justice' or 'natural fact'
2. 'Original / initial position'
3. 'Veil of ignorance'
4. 'Maximin rule'
the four conditions that Rawls advocated for the successful conduct of a contract
'Circumstances of justice' or 'natural fact'
conditions for the contract
Under the influence of Hume Rawls considered that men are bounded by incomplete knowledge, limited attention and limited capacity of judgement - these conditions are not artificial, alterable or modifiable.
'Original / initial position'
conditions for the contract
According to Rawls, "... what would emerge from such a hypothetical condition would be those principles that free and rational persons concerned to further their own interest would accept in an initial position of equality as defining the fundamental terms of their association."
'Veil of ignorance'
conditions for the contract
He also said: "Among the essential features of this situation is that no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status, nor does anyone know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence, strength and the like. I shall even assume the parties do not know their conception of the good or their special psychological propensities. "
'Maximin rule'
conditions for the contract
In such a condition as mentioned above, Rawls, under the influence of the 'game theory' of modern economics, expected the rational individual would rank alternatives by their worst possibilities. Those alternatives will be adopted the worst outcome of which is superior to the worst outcomes of the others. A person would choose for the design of a society in which even his enemy is to assign him his place
1. First: each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others.
2. Second: social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both
(a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just savings principle, and
(b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
Rawls expected that TWO PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE would be chosen on the basis of the 'original position':
i) A less-extensive liberty must strengthen the total system of liberty shared by all;
ii) A less than equal liberty must be acceptable to those citizens with the lesser liberty.
Rawls advanced two cases of 'priority rules' in respect to the 2 principles 0f justice:
GOOD;
Liberty (opportunities);
Inequalities (differences, disadvantages)
The Maxi Min Principle is the Principle of the ________
• MAXIMIZE _________________
• MINIMIZE ___________________
i) Those aspects of social system that define and secure the equal liberties of citizenship, e.g.,
political liberty, freedom of speech and assembly, liberty of conscience, freedom of thought,
right to hold property, freedom from arbitrary arrest.
ii) Those aspects that specify and establish social and economic inequalities, e.g., distribution of
income, wealth and of authority.
The basic structure of the society can be divided into two aspects:
TRUE
but the need is for a pattern of economic distribution to the benefit of the least advantaged and as complete as possible openness of all positions of authority.
TRUE OR FALSE
There is NO need for economic equality for implementing the principles of justice.
political
Justice as fairness is to be regarded as a specifically ________ and not a metaphysical theory.
procedural neutrality and neutrality of aim
It is important to make distinction between __________ and _______________ . While justice as fairness is not designed to favor any particular moral doctrine, it is impossible to
resist the social order to aid some and hinder others.
'overlapping consensus'
Social unity in a 'well-ordered society', can only take the form of an _________________ in
which the political conception of justice as fairness is affirmed by citizens who themselves hold
conflicting moral, political and religious doctrines.
Rawls believes that humans would resolve the conflict or problem in such a way that whoever was worst off would be not as bad off as they otherwise might be because the person making the decision does not know whether they are going to be in the position of the worst off.
tl;dr
ang rules / conditions / circumstances something in society should be just and fair in the sense that even if wala ka kabalo aha ka mapadulong, you would still willingly enter that society bc ang worst case scenario is not that bad and fair and just ra japun
gist sa ethical thought ni john rawls