Social Psychology Exam 2 - Self-Concept and Beliefs

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38 Terms

1

James' I

Experimental consciousness, subjective experience of self.

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2

James' Me

Self-concept, how one perceives themselves.

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3

Looking-glass self

Self-identity shaped by others' reactions.

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4

Reflected appraisals

Insights about self from others' perceptions.

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5

Sense of self

Developed through social interactions and experiences.

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6

Cultural differences in self-concept

Variations in self-perception across cultures.

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7

Independent self

Self-concept viewed as separate from others.

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8

Interdependent self-system

Self-concept connected and influenced by others.

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9

Self-Esteem

Global evaluation of one's value and competence.

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10

Rotter's Locus of Control

Perception of control over life events.

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11

Bandura's Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed.

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12

Self-Regulation

Ability to control impulses and behaviors.

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13

Self-Control

Limited resource that can be depleted.

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14

Better than average effect

Belief of being superior to peers.

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15

False Consensus

Overestimating commonality of one's opinions.

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16

False Uniqueness

Underestimating commonality of one's successes.

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17

Unrealistic Optimism

Belief in unlikely negative personal outcomes.

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18

Barnum effect

Tendency to accept vague, general statements as true.

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19

self-knowledge

the way we understand who we are and formulate and organize this information

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20

Remembering our own attitudes

People were asked about their attitudes 9 years ago, they then were wrong because they anchored away from their old attitudes with their new ones

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21

Menstruation, Recalled Mood, and Actual Mood (McFarland et al. 1989)

Women remembered being in a worse mood in the premenstrual and menstrual mood and felt they were in a better mood in the inter-menstrual when in actuality it was the opposite

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22

self-perception theory

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

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23

Examples of self-perception theory

Facial feedback research
Head-nodding
Pulling toward- pushing away
"Power Posing"
The "over justification effect"

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24

overjustification effect

If given a reward for doing something they enjoy doing, people will do it less (or less well) after the reward is ceased than if never given the reward at all

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25

Overjustification Effect (Greene, Sternberg, and Lepper, 1976)

People are playing with the toy more when they were rewarded rather than when the reward was discontinued

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26

Social comparison

evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

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27

Upwards comparisons

Sets an achievable standard

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28

Downwards comparisons

Makes someone feel better about themselves but nothing to strive for, "better to have no shoes then no feet"

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29

2-factor theory of emotion

states that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive label

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30

Misattribution of Arousal: Dutton and Aron, 1974

Men who crossed the high, wobbly bridge were more likely to call the park ranger then the men who crossed the low, secure bridge

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31

Spotlight effect

Overestimating the extent to which our actions/appearance are noticed by and affect others

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32

Illusion of Transparency

Overestimating others' accuracy in reading our thoughts and feelings

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33

self-handicapping

Creating an excuse for possible future failure

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34

False Modesty: Expression of gratitude for success (Baumeister and Ilko, 1995)

People who had to tell a story about their success they gave more credit to other people rather than when they had to tell a story anonymously

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35

Biases exert themselves when information is ______, or judgement are _______

ambiguous or lacking, subjective

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36

What are the motives for biases?

Accuracy, homeostasis (self-verification), self-enhancement

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37

The self is_____

Social

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38

Why might a little self-serving deception be adaptive

Benefits of unrealistic optimism
The phenomenon of depressive realism

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