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James' I
Experimental consciousness, subjective experience of self.
James' Me
Self-concept, how one perceives themselves.
Looking-glass self
Self-identity shaped by others' reactions.
Reflected appraisals
Insights about self from others' perceptions.
Sense of self
Developed through social interactions and experiences.
Cultural differences in self-concept
Variations in self-perception across cultures.
Independent self
Self-concept viewed as separate from others.
Interdependent self-system
Self-concept connected and influenced by others.
Self-Esteem
Global evaluation of one's value and competence.
Rotter's Locus of Control
Perception of control over life events.
Bandura's Self-Efficacy
Belief in one's ability to succeed.
Self-Regulation
Ability to control impulses and behaviors.
Self-Control
Limited resource that can be depleted.
Better than average effect
Belief of being superior to peers.
False Consensus
Overestimating commonality of one's opinions.
False Uniqueness
Underestimating commonality of one's successes.
Unrealistic Optimism
Belief in unlikely negative personal outcomes.
Barnum effect
Tendency to accept vague, general statements as true.
self-knowledge
the way we understand who we are and formulate and organize this information
Remembering our own attitudes
People were asked about their attitudes 9 years ago, they then were wrong because they anchored away from their old attitudes with their new ones
Menstruation, Recalled Mood, and Actual Mood (McFarland et al. 1989)
Women remembered being in a worse mood in the premenstrual and menstrual mood and felt they were in a better mood in the inter-menstrual when in actuality it was the opposite
self-perception theory
The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
Examples of self-perception theory
Facial feedback research
Head-nodding
Pulling toward- pushing away
"Power Posing"
The "over justification effect"
overjustification effect
If given a reward for doing something they enjoy doing, people will do it less (or less well) after the reward is ceased than if never given the reward at all
Overjustification Effect (Greene, Sternberg, and Lepper, 1976)
People are playing with the toy more when they were rewarded rather than when the reward was discontinued
Social comparison
evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others
Upwards comparisons
Sets an achievable standard
Downwards comparisons
Makes someone feel better about themselves but nothing to strive for, "better to have no shoes then no feet"
2-factor theory of emotion
states that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive label
Misattribution of Arousal: Dutton and Aron, 1974
Men who crossed the high, wobbly bridge were more likely to call the park ranger then the men who crossed the low, secure bridge
Spotlight effect
Overestimating the extent to which our actions/appearance are noticed by and affect others
Illusion of Transparency
Overestimating others' accuracy in reading our thoughts and feelings
self-handicapping
Creating an excuse for possible future failure
False Modesty: Expression of gratitude for success (Baumeister and Ilko, 1995)
People who had to tell a story about their success they gave more credit to other people rather than when they had to tell a story anonymously
Biases exert themselves when information is ______, or judgement are _______
ambiguous or lacking, subjective
What are the motives for biases?
Accuracy, homeostasis (self-verification), self-enhancement
The self is_____
Social
Why might a little self-serving deception be adaptive
Benefits of unrealistic optimism
The phenomenon of depressive realism
Note 
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