Micro 11-14

Which of the following is the enzyme that replaces the RNA nucleotides in a primer with DNA nucleotides?

DNA polymerase I

Which of the following is not involved in the initiation of replication?

ligase

Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication is unique to eukaryotes?

telomerase

During which stage of bacterial transcription is the σ subunit of the RNA polymerase involved?

initiation

Which of the following components is involved in the initiation of transcription?

promoter

Which of the following is not a function of the 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail of a mature eukaryotic mRNA molecule?

to facilitate splicing

Mature mRNA from a eukaryote would contain each of these features except which of the following?

intron-encoded RNA

Which of the following is the name of the three-base sequence in the mRNA that binds to a tRNA molecule?

codon

Which component is the last to join the initiation complex during the initiation of translation?

the large ribosomal subunit

During elongation in translation, to which ribosomal site does an incoming charged tRNA molecule bind?

A site

Which of the following is the amino acid that appears at the N-terminus of all newly translated prokaryotic and eukaryotic polypeptides?

methionine

When the ribosome reaches a nonsense codon, which of the following occurs?

the polypeptide is released

Which of the following is a change in the sequence that leads to formation of a stop codon?

nonsense mutation

The formation of pyrimidine dimers results from which of the following?

exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Which of the following is an example of a frameshift mutation?

deletion of one nucleotide

Which is the mechanism by which improper excision of a prophage from a bacterial chromosome results in packaging of bacterial genes near the integration site into a phage head?

specialized transduction

Which of the following refers to the uptake of naked DNA from the surrounding environment?

transformation

The F plasmid is involved in which of the following processes?

conjugation

Which of the following refers to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer naturally responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes within a bacterial population?

conjugation

An operon of genes encoding enzymes in a biosynthetic pathway is likely to be which of the following?

repressible

An operon encoding genes that are transcribed and translated continuously to provide the cell with constant intermediate levels of the protein products is said to be which of the following?

constitutive

Which of the following is a type of regulation of gene expression unique to eukaryotes?

chemical modification of histones

Which of the following is required for repairing the phosphodiester backbone of DNA during molecular cloning?

DNA ligase

All of the following are processes used to introduce DNA molecules into bacterial cells except:

transcription

The enzyme that uses RNA as a template to produce a DNA copy is called:

reverse transcriptase

In blue-white screening, what do blue colonies represent?

cells containing empty plasmid vectors

The Ti plasmid is used for introducing genes into:

plant cells

Which technique is used to separate protein fragments based on size?

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Which technique uses restriction enzyme digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis to generate a banding pattern for comparison to another sample processed in the same way?

RFLP

All of the following techniques involve hybridization between single-stranded nucleic acid molecules except:

RFLP analysis

The science of studying the entire collection of mRNA molecules produced by cells, allowing scientists to monitor differences in gene expression patterns between cells, is called:

transcriptomics

The science of studying genomic fragments from microbial communities, allowing researchers to study genes from a collection of multiple species, is called:

metagenomics

The insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology is

identical to human insulin produced in the pancreas

Recombination is a process not usually observed in nature

FALSE

It is generally easier to introduce recombinant DNA into prokaryotic cells than into eukaryotic cells.

TRUE

The process of introducing DNA molecules into eukaryotic cells is called

transfection

The ____ blot technique is used to find an RNA fragment within a sample that is complementary to a DNA probe

northern

Which of the following is suitable for use on tissues for microbial control to prevent infection?

antiseptic

Which biosafety level is appropriate for research with microbes or infectious agents that pose moderate risk to laboratory workers and the community, and are typically indigenous?

BSL-2

Which of the following best describes a microbial control protocol that inhibits the growth of molds and yeast?

fungistatic

The decimal reduction time refers to the amount of time it takes to which of the following?

reduce a microbial population by 90%

Which of the following methods brings about cell lysis due to cavitation induced by rapid localized pressure changes?

sonication settings

Which of the following terms is used to describe the time required to kill all of the microbes within a sample at a given temperature?

thermal death time

Which of the following microbial control methods does not actually kill microbes or inhibit their growth but instead removes them physically from samples?

filtration

Which of the following refers to a disinfecting chemical dissolved in alcohol?

tincture

Bleach is an example of which group of chemicals used for disinfection?

halogens

Which chemical disinfectant works by methylating enzymes and nucleic acids and is known for being toxic and carcinogenic?

formaldehyde

The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to that of which of the following?

phenol

Which of the following refers to a germicide that can kill vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses but not endospores?

low-level germicide

Ionizing radiation can penetrate surfaces, but nonionizing radiation cannot.

TRUE

Soaps are classified as disinfectants.

FALSE

A medical item that comes into contact with intact skin and does not penetrate sterile tissues or come into contact with mucous membranes is called a(n) ___ item

noncritical

In an autoclave, the application of pressure to ______ is increased to allow the steam to achieve temperatures above the boiling point of water.

steam

If a chemical disinfectant is more effective than phenol, then its phenol coefficient would be ____ than 1.0

greater

In the disk-diffusion assay, a large zone of inhibition around a disk to which a chemical disinfectant has been applied indicates ______ of the test microbe to the chemical disinfectant

susceptibility or sensitivity

A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following?

semisynthetic

Which of the following antimicrobial drugs is synthetic?

sulfanilamide

Which of the following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection?

long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

Which clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug?

treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes

Which of the following is not a type of β-lactam antimicrobial?

glycopeptides

Which of the following does not bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit?

tetracyclines

Which of the following antimicrobials inhibits the activity of DNA gyrase?

nalidixic acid

Which of the following is not an appropriate target for antifungal drugs?

cholesterol

Which of the following resistance mechanisms describes the function of β-lactamase?

drug inactivation

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

efflux pump

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is the most nonspecific to a particular class of antimicrobials?

efflux pump

In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, the _______ of the zone of inhibition is measured and used for interpretation.

diameter

The group of soil bacteria known for their ability to produce a wide variety of antimicrobials is called the

actinomycetes

Antiviral drugs, like Tamiflu and Relenza, that are effective against the influenza virus by preventing viral escape from host cells are called ______

neuraminidase inhibitors