Late Modern English

Late Modern English time period

XVIII-XIX centuries AD up to the present.

Key intellectual movement of Late Modern English

The Enlightenment.

Major economic transformation during Late Modern English

The Industrial Revolution.

Impact of the British Empire on English language

Spread English and introduced new vocabulary from colonies.

American historical event that influenced English evolution

The American Revolution.

Influence of the Slave Trade on English

Contributed to the Afro-American population and influenced dialects and accents.

Significant events during Late Modern English

Rebellions, colonial wars, world wars, and the Cold War.

Time frame of the Age of Enlightenment

End of the XVII century to the XVIII century.

British or American representative of the Enlightenment

Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson.

Name three notable European Enlightenment philosophers outside Britain and America.

Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.e.

Moderate idea of the Enlightenment

Reform within traditional power structures, deism, and dualism.

Prominent thinkers of moderate Enlightenment

Rene Descartes, John Locke, Immanuel Kant.

Radical Enlightenment ideas

Democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, rejection of religious authority.

Philosopher associated with radical Enlightenment ideas

Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza.

Time period of the first Industrial Revolution

XVIII to mid-XIX centuries.

Main causes of the Industrial Revolution

Scientific revolution, inventions, and changes in legal and economic systems.

Major industries developed during the Industrial Revolution

Textile, mining, and agriculture.

Social effects of the Industrial Revolution

Higher standards of living, urbanization, and increased literacy.

Population pattern change due to the Industrial Revolution

Population growth and urbanization.

Time frame of the British Empire’s expansion

XVI-XX centuries.

Percentage of world’s land controlled by British Empire at its peak

24% of the land.

Types of territories in the British Empire

Dominions, colonies, protectorates, and mandates.

Time period of the American Revolution

1765-1783.

Primary causes of the American Revolution

British taxation and intolerable policies.

Major effect of the American Revolution on the USA

Independence from the British Crown.

Time period of the Slave Trade

XVI-XIX centuries.

Countries involved in the Slave Trade

Portugal, Britain, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the USA.

Regions in Africa affected by the Slave Trade

Central and Western Africa.

Long-term effects of Slave Trade on the USA

The Afro-American population and the Civil War.

Types of rebellions during Late Modern English

Jacobite rebellions and Robert Emmet's revolt.

Colonial wars influencing British Empire

The Opium Wars and the Boer Wars.

Global conflicts in Late Modern English affecting language

World Wars I and II and the Cold War.

Main regional variants of English

British, American, Asian, African, and Austronesian varieties.

Main American-based English accents

American and Canadian.

Main English-based accents

British, Irish, Australian, and New Zealand.

Primary British English dialects

Northern and Southern English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Ireland.

Three main American English dialects

General American, Eastern type, and Southern type.

Primary approaches to grammar in Late Modern English

Prescriptive, classical scientific, structural, transformational, and cognitive.

Definition of prescriptive grammar

Grammar enforcing strict rules, discouraging double negatives, split infinitives, and prepositions at the end.

Three prescriptive grammar rules in Late Modern English

Avoiding double negatives, avoiding split infinitives, avoiding prepositions at sentence ends.

Changes in grammar for nouns and adjectives

No significant changes after the XVII century.

Fate of earlier forms of pronouns in Late Modern English

They became dialectal.

Unique pronoun usage in Scottish English

Use of 'this,' 'that,' and 'yonder'.

Zero subject use in relative clauses location

Cockney English.

Subjunctive endings in Late Modern English

Generally dropped.

Usage of 'do' in affirmative sentences during Late Modern English

For emphasis and in dialects.

Common tenses during Late Modern English

Perfect, continuous, and perfect continuous tenses.

Evolution of phrasal verbs in Late Modern English

They became more common.

Trend in particles and prepositions usage

They increasingly replaced verbs.

New types of word-building in Late Modern English

Contraction, reversion, and blending.

Factors contributing to vocabulary expansion

Influence of other languages, colonialism, and industrial development.

Common borrowings during Late Modern English

Borrowings from Latin, Greek, and colonized languages.

New methods of word formation in Late Modern English

Contraction, reversion, and blending.

Types of records preserving Late Modern English

Grammar books, dictionaries, belles-lettres, scientific literature.

Author of A Short Introduction to English Grammar in 1762

Robert Lowth.

Significant grammar book published by Lindley Murray in 1794

English Grammar.

Publisher of The Rudiments of English Grammar in 1761

Joseph Priestley.

William Cobbett's grammar book published in 1829

English Grammar.

Thomas Sheridan’s notable work on English language criticism

A Rhetorical Grammar of the English Language (1781/1783).

John Walker's significant work published in 1785

A Rhetorical Grammar of the English Language (with Critical Notes).

Publication years of Blue-Back(ed) Speller

1783-1786.

Significance of Blue-Back(ed) Speller

Influential American language textbook.

Publisher of An American Dictionary of the English Language in 1828

Noah Webster.