chem ch. 6 and 7

size of gas particles is

negligible

gas particles exert no

attraction forces

kinetic energy of gas particles __ with increasing temperature

increases

gas particles collide with the walls of containers and exert 

pressure 

pressure = 

force / area

1 atm = __ mmHg

760

1 atm = __ torr

760

1 atm = __ psi

14.7

1 atm= __Pa

101,325

STP (standard conditions of temperature and pressure)

1 atm, 760 mmHg, 0C (273K)

STP for 1 mole of any gas

22.4 L

daltons law of total pressure

add the total of all pressures

heterogeneous mixture

does not have a uniform composition throughout the sample (not the same)

homogeneous mixture

has uniform composition throughout the sample (the same)

solution

homogeneous mixture that contains small particles

solute

the substance that there is less of

solvent

the substance that there is more of

an aqueous solution

water is the solvent

colloid

homogeneous mixture with large particles (opaque)

suspension

heterogeneous mixture that contains large particles suspended in liquid (particles are so large they they do not dissolve)

electrolyte 

substance that conducts an electric current in water

nonelectrolyte

substance that does not conduct an electric current in water

strong electrolyte

dissociates completely in water to form ions

weak electrolyte 

dissociates partially in water to from some ions- mostly uncharged molecules

solubility

amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent

saturated solution

max number of grams of solute that can dissolve

unsaturated solution

less than the max number of solute that can dissolve

nonpolar compounds are soluble in

nonpolar solvents (like dissolves like)

atoms that can hydrogen bond ( O or N) are

water soluble

releases energy

exothermic

requires more energy than is released

endothermic

solubility generally increases as __ increases

temperature

supersaturated solution

more than the predicted max of amount of solute

solubility of gas ___ with increasing temperature 

decreases 

henrys law

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is equal to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid 

the higher the pressure the __ the solubility of a gas in a solvent 

higher 

concentration is

how much solute is dissolved

(w/v)% =

mass of solute (g)

volume of solution (mL)       x100

(v/v)% =

volume of solute (mL)

volume of solution (mL)        x100

ppm mass (parts per million) =

mass of solute (g)

mass of solution (g)     x10⁶

ppm volume (parts per million) =

volume of solute (mL)

volume of solution (mL)    x10⁶

M - molarity

moles of solute (mol)

liters of solution (L)

dilution

adding solvent to decrease concentration of solute

concentration formula

M₁V₁ = M₂ V₂

semipermeable membrane

allows water and small molecules to pass, not large

osmosis

the passage of a solvent from low concentration to high concentration

osmotic pressure

pressure that prevents the flow of additional solvent into the solution on one side of semipermeable membrane 

isotonic

two solutions with the same osmotic pressure

hypotonic

lower osmotic pressure than body fluids, concentration outside of cell is lower than inside 

swelling and rupture of blood cell (hypotonic)

hemolysis

hypertonic 

higher osmotic pressure than body fluids, concentration of particles outside of cell is higher than inside 

water diffuses out of cell, cell shrinks

crenation (hypertonic)

dialysis

water, small molecules and ions can pass through semipermeable membrane, protein and starch cannot

in dialysis ___ are removed from bloodstream and eliminated in the urine 

waste products 

hemodialysis

when a person is unable to remove waste products from blood because of faulty kidneys