Health and Disease Quiz 5

what happens to the body during middle adulthood?

Musculoskeletal System - muscle mass/tone and bone mass decrease
Respiratory System - decreasing elasticity of lung tissue – decrease in efficiency
Cardiovascular System - decreased elasticity of heart and blood vessels

Does basal metabolic rate increase or decrease?

Decrease. Fewer calories needed

What is a chronic disease?

conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both. Obesity is a factor in each CD

Health effects of obesity

• Heart Disease and Strokes

• Type 2 Diabetes

• Certain Cancers

• Respiratory Diseases

• Sleep Apnea

• Gastrointestinal problems

• Osteoarthritis

Prevalence of cancer in middle adulthood 

Cause 1/3 of the deaths during middle adulthood, 1 in 3 people are affected by cancer, and over 100 different types of cancer

Carcinoma

affects organs and glands, such as the lungs, breasts, pancreas, and skin. The most common type of cancer

Sarcoma

affects soft or connective tissues, such as
muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, or blood vessels

Biopsy

collecting a sample of cells for testing. A biopsy is often the only way to definitively diagnose cancer.

Stages of Cancer

Stage 1: Cancer is localized and hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or other tissues
Stage 2: Cancer has grown in size but hasn’t spread to other tissues
Stage 3: Cancer has grown larger, with the possible spread to lymph nodes and other tissues.
Stage 4: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Metastatic or advanced

Cancer warning signs

A lump or thickening felt under the skin
Skin changes (yellowing, darkening, or redness of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles)
Changes in bowel or bladder
Persistent cough or trouble breathing
Difficulty swallowing
Unexplained bleeding or bruising

How do you reduce cancer risk?

Get regular checkups and screenings, eat a healthful diet, physical activity 

Why is the cancer death rate going down?

better care, technology, medicine, warning signs, etc. (not on slides)

How many deaths are due to cardiovascular disease?

1 in 3

Coronary artery disease

Most common type of heart disease causes by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries which causes them to narrow (atherosclerosis). If it is completely blocked, no blood can reach the heart which could cause a heart attack/MI

Symptoms of CAD/Heart Attack

Chest pain, tightness, pressure, and discomfort (angina), shortness of breath, and pain, numbness, weakness, or coldness in your legs/arms.

CAD risk factors

high cholesterol, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, lack of physical activity, smoking

What happens if arteries are narrowed by plaque?

Blood pressure increases because the heart must work harder. 

When does congestive heart failure occur?

when the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body because it has been weakened or has lost elasticity. Blood/fluid backs up in the lungs or the body.

Causes of congestive heart failure

Coronary artery disease and heart attack, hypertension, and damaged valves.

What are heart arrythmias?

An irregular heartbeat – the electrical system that coordinates the heartbeat isn’t functioning properly. 

Causes of heart arrythmias

coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, drug abuse, excessive caffeine, congenital heart defects, some medications, stress, and valvular heart disease.

What is valvular heart disease

if the valves are damaged, the heart will be unable to pump blood efficeintly to the rest of the body. Cells get less oxygen.

Causes of valvular heart disease

some are born with abnormal valves, rheumatic fever: scar tissue/fibrosis of the valves, endocarditis, certain connective tissue disorders. 

Congenital Heart defects

born with a heart defect that may be serious or not life-threatening. Septal defects allow oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix

Risk factors for heart disease

age, men, family history, smoking, poor diet, high BP, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, stress.

Why is CVD higher in certain ethnic populations?

Not in the slides, but genetics, access, education, etc.

What are the ages of late adulthood?

65+ and is the fastest growing group in the US

What is the leading cause of death in late adulthood?

cancer and heart disease

Changes to the cardiovascular and respiratory system

Decreased cardiac muscle strength (decreased cardiac output) and decreased elasticity of blood vessels, lungs, and chest wall. 

Changes to the nervous system

neurons decrease in size and number

Digestive system changes

decreased production of digestive enzymes, decreased absorption of nutrients, decreased peristalsis.

Urinary system changes

Kidneys decrease in size - decreased filtration of the blood. Muscles in the bladder weaken (incontinence)

Nutritional deficits and consequences 

Malnutrtion is very common. Consequences: decrease in functional status, muscle mass, immune function, poor wound healing, anemia, and decline in cognitive function. 

What is diabetes?

a condition in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin is impared. 29% of adults over 65 have diabetes.

Role of glucose and insulin

Glucose: high amounts become damaging to blood and various organs. Excess goes into storage for later use

Insulin: a hormone released from the pancreas when blood glucose levels increase

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune disease that is normally diagnosed in young children, because that is when symptoms develop, but it can develop at any point. The insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed, which causes them to have to take insulin every day (insulin-dependent)

T1D causes and risk factors

may be genetic or triggered by a viral infection. The pancreas no longer makes insulin

T1D management

Cannot be prevented or reversed. Constant monitoring or blood glucose.

Type 2 diabetes

either the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or the cells don’t respond normally to insulin. 90-95% of diabetes cases are type 2, and symptoms begin gradually over several years.

T2D Causes

insulin is unable to work as it should in allowing glucose to enter the cells. the body’s cells have become resistant to insulin

T2D risk factors

family history, obesity, high blood pressure, smoking, history of heart disease or stroke, inactivity, being 45+, African American, Hispanic, Asian-American or Pacific Islander. 

Symptoms of diabetes

increased thirst, weakness, fatigue, numbness/tingling in extremities, blurry vision, frequent urination, slow-healing, unexplained weight loss/infections.

Diabetes complications

kidney damage, cardiovascular dysfunction, nerve damage (numbness/tingling in hands and toes), eye damage, poor circulation, hearling loss, depression, dementia.

T2D management

many risk factors can be reduced with healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight loss. 

What is dementia caused by?

damage or loss to the neurons in the brain and their connections. Gradual, onset, progressive, and usually irreversible. Alzheimer's is the leading cause.

Complications of dementia

poor nutrition, pneumonia (difficulty swallowing increases teh risk of choking or aspiratin food into the lungs, which can cause pneumonia), inability to perform self-care tasks, personal safety challenges, death (coma and death often from infection)

Types of Dementia

Alzheimer's, vascular dementia (caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply the brain), Lewy body dementia

Reversible/acute forms of dementia

infections and immune disorders, nutritional deficiencies, medications, metabolic endorcrine abnormalities, subdural hematoma and brain tumors

Alzheimer's Disease

The most common type of dementia. A progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die

Causes of Alzheimer’s

unknown, thought to be a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Usually begins in the memory part of the brain, and the outer cerebral cortex begins to shrink.

Alzheimer's Symptoms

early signs are memory loss that worsens, difficulty thinking or concentrating, impairments in judgment and decision making, unable to plan or perform familiar tasks, and changes in personality and behavior.

Alzheimer's Complications

decreasing brain function (damage) begins to efect physical functions (swallowing, bowel and bladder function, balance). Aspiration of food and liquids into lungs, pneumonia, falls, bed sores, fractures, malnutrition, and dehydration. Affects black and hispanic at higher rates.