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Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
the sublime
grandeur of nature vs insignificance/powerlessness of man
natural peinture
naturalistic nature painting
Nazarenes
Hearken back to the age of guilds
Unhappy with what they are being taught in the Dresden Academy and Vienna Academy
Believe middle ages are the golden ages of Germany
They want moral purity, not sensuality the see among the “great” works
Napoleonic wars
were a series of conflicts that took place from 1803 to 1815. They were fought between France under Napoleon Bonaparte and European coalitions. The wars were a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Barbous
a group, whos name means the bearded ones. Observers of men, the thinkers, medatators on the antique
Mal du siècle
is a term used to refer to the ennui, disillusionment, and melancholy experienced by primarily young adults of Europe's early 19th century, when speaking in terms of the rising Romantic movement.
Goya’s black paintings
is the name given to a group of 14 paintings by Francisco Goya from the later years of his life, probably between 1820 and 1823. They portray intense, haunting themes, reflective of both his fear of insanity and his bleak outlook on humanity.
The Restoration (1815-1830) in France
was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830. The brothers of executed Louis XVI of France reigned in highly conservative fashion, and the exiles returned.
The July Monarchy (France, 1830-1848)
a liberal constitutional monarchy in France that lasted from 1830 to 1848. It was named after the July Revolution of 1830, which overthrew the conservative government of Charles X.
genre historique
a style of art that depicts significant events, people, or moments from history, mythology, literature, or religion
juste milieu (in the middle / the perfect balance)
translates as “the right mean,” or the “happy medium.” These artists aimed for a middle way between the Impressionist and Academic camps.
The School of Fontainebleau / The Barbizon School of Painting
a group of French landscape painters who worked in the Forest of Fontainebleau from about 1830 to 1870. Their work was based on direct observation of nature, and they challenged the French Royal Academy's preference for idealized landscapes.
genre painting
depicts aspects of everyday life by portraying ordinary people engaged in common activities.
Biedermeier culture
an era in Central European art and culture between 1815 and 1848 during which the middle classes grew in number and artists began producing works appealing to their sensibilities. The period began with the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and ended with the onset of the Revolutions of 1848. The term originated in popular literature, before spreading to architecture, interior design, and visual arts.
Golden Danish Age
a period of exceptional artistic creativity in Denmark, particularly in the first half of the 19th century. It was marked by the work of artists such as Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, Bertel Thorvaldsen, Christen Købke, and others.
Nationalism
Pride in ones country
Orientalism
the representation of Asia, especially the Middle East, in a stereotyped way that is regarded as embodying a colonialist attitude.
Le Modèle noir (The Black Model) exhibition (Paris, 2019)
This exhibition explores aesthetic, political, social and racial issues as well as the imagery unveiled by the representation of black figures in visual arts.
colonialism
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Queen Victoria and the Victorian Era (1837-1901)
The Victorian era was the period from 1837 until Queen Victoria's death in 1901. It was a time of great wealth and power for Britain, as well as rapid advancements in science, industry, and the arts.
The idea that marriage should be based on romantic love became more popular.
A clear separation between home and work was established.
Women had limited legal rights, but a feminist movement developed.
Access to education increased rapidly, and literacy rates increased.
The Royal Academy of Arts
Britain is about a century behind France in the academy world
Men’s world, women not allowed because the male nude is here
Academy moved around, in 1837, it is in the east wing of the recently completed national gallery
Era of emphasis of art education
If you wanted to have success as an artist, you wanted your art in the shows
People would want to buy works in the shows or commission works but wouldn’t talk money until after the show because talking about money during the show underscores the importance of art
Victorian narrative painting
Stories telling of acts of heroism throughout the Empire were especially popular, prompting many large-scale paintings of heroes in victory and defeat. A minority of painters including Herkomer sought to draw attention to the plight of the poorest classes. These painters did not represent the cruder aspects of poverty. Their works were highly sanitised visions, designed to appeal to the sensibilities of those attending the exhibitions and not to disturb their peace of mind.
didacticism
a philosophy that emphasizes teaching and instruction in literature, art, and design. The word comes from the Greek word didaktikós, which means "apt at teaching
Textbooks
Recipe books
Fables
Parables
Academic realism
a style of art that depicts objects in a naturalistic way, influenced by European art academies. It's a realistic style that uses traditional techniques to create paintings that closely resemble the real world
Role of Nationalism in Romanticism
Romanticism emerged during a time of intense national identity formation in Europe. Many Romantic artists and writers sought to celebrate their nation's unique history, folklore, and landscapes. In countries like Germany, Romanticism was tied to a rediscovery of medieval traditions, while in Spain, it focused on national myths and heroes. Nationalist sentiments often shaped Romantic art and literature, emphasizing the spirit and values of a people against foreign influence, especially in reaction to Napoleonic rule and later revolutions.
Key Characteristics of European Romanticism
Emphasis on Emotion and Individualism – Romantic art and literature prioritized personal feelings, passion, and imagination over rationalism.
Reverence for Nature – Nature was seen as sublime, powerful, and sometimes terrifying, in contrast to the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution.
Interest in the Past – Medievalism and historical nostalgia were common, often used to critique modern society.
Exoticism and Mysticism – Fascination with distant lands, the supernatural, and folklore.
Rebellion Against Tradition – Romanticism was often in opposition to the academic traditions of Neoclassicism.
Comparison of English, French, German, and Spanish Romanticism
English Romanticism – Focused heavily on nature and personal emotion (e.g., Wordsworth, Turner). The landscape was a source of inspiration, and Gothic themes were prevalent.
French Romanticism – More politically engaged, influenced by revolutionary ideals (e.g., Delacroix, Hugo). It often depicted dramatic historical events and exotic subjects.
German Romanticism – Deeply philosophical and spiritual (e.g., Caspar David Friedrich, Goethe). It emphasized the sublime, the mystical, and the unity of nature and humanity.
Spanish Romanticism – Darker and more satirical (e.g., Goya). It reflected the violence of the Napoleonic wars and Spanish folklore, often critiquing political corruption and oppression.
The Development of “Orientalism” (Exoticism) in Nineteenth-Century Art
Orientalism refers to the Western artistic fascination with the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia, portraying these regions as exotic, sensual, and often decadent. French artists like Delacroix and Ingres painted harems, bazaars, and imagined "Oriental" settings, which were based more on fantasy than reality. This movement was influenced by colonial expansion and often reinforced stereotypes about Eastern cultures.
The Role of Politics in European Art, c. 1800-1848
Art in this period often responded to the dramatic political changes of the time, including the Napoleonic Wars, revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and the rise of nationalism.
Neoclassicism (e.g., David) was tied to revolutionary ideals and Napoleon’s propaganda.
Romanticism (e.g., Delacroix) often expressed political dissent, showing rebellion, heroism, and suffering.
Realism began emerging as a response to the failures of revolutions, focusing on the struggles of the lower classes.
Effects of the Rise of the Bourgeoisie on European Art Practices, c. 1800-1848
The growing middle class became a dominant force in the art market, leading to changes in subject matter and patronage.
Artists shifted from grand historical and religious themes to genre scenes and portraits that appealed to bourgeois tastes.
Salon exhibitions became more commercialized, catering to middle-class buyers.
Landscape painting and domestic interiors became popular, reflecting bourgeois values of family, industry, and morality.
The Rise of Anti-Academic Groups in Europe, c. 1800-1848
By the early 19th century, many artists rejected the strict rules of academic institutions, leading to the rise of alternative artistic movements.
Romantic painters like Delacroix opposed Neoclassicism’s rigid formulas.
Realists such as Courbet rejected the Academy’s idealized subjects in favor of everyday life.
The Barbizon School (precursors to Impressionism) abandoned academic studio practices to paint directly from nature.
The Role of Didacticism in Victorian Art
Victorian art was often moralizing, aiming to educate and improve society.
History paintings and biblical subjects were used to instill moral lessons.
Social Realism in Britain (e.g., Ford Madox Brown) depicted the struggles of the poor with an instructive intent.
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (e.g., Rossetti, Millais) sought to return to sincere, medieval-style storytelling, emphasizing Christian virtues and moral integrity.
