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Homestead Act of 1862
who - signed by abraham lincoln and targeted american citizens what - provided 160 acres of land to any adult citizen who had never borne arms against us govt also agreed to take care of the land- three things to apply - file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title where - the united states (mostly the west sig - To help develop the American West and spur economic growth, expanded agriculture and also lead to westward expansion
chinese exclusion act of 1882
who - targeted chinese immigrants what - prohibited all Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for a period of 10 years It was the first federal law to explicitly target a specific ethnic group and severely limit their immigration based on race and nationality The law also barred Chinese immigrants from becoming U.S. citizens, further isolating and discriminating against them. where - the united states sig - impacted the Chinese labor force, particularly in industries like railroads, mining, and agriculture, where Chinese workers had been essential.
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
free market capitalism, the economy is strongest when the government stays out of the economy entirely and let market forces behave naturally, important during 1865-1910 helped economic development and promote a competitive market that demanded the economy to behave by itself
Jim Crow laws
laws that mandated segregation of schools, parks,libraries, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants, did this as a way to maintain economic advantage and social status of white people in the south 1865-1877
Plessy V. Ferguson
who: homer plessy, a light-skinned african american; albion w tourgee (their lawyer who fervently argued against racial segregation)
what: plessy refused to move to the "colored" area of the railroad car he was in and was subsequently arrested
where: louisiana
when: 1896
sig: the supreme court gave the states the right to create separate facilities for white and black people; 7-1 majority (lone dissenter was john marshall harlen); lots of racist segregation laws were passed in the south
ida b wells
who: editor, schoolteacher, activist
what: wrote an essay condemning the lynching of three black men in memphis; moved to the north and became the nation's biggest antilynching activist; insisted that the us had no right to call itself the land of the free;
where: was from mississippi
when: 1862 - 1931
sig: actively fought for the rights of black people and women; helped to terminate lynching as a practice eventually
Great Migration
who - african americans in the south seeking for better opportunities where - moved from the south to the west or north what - the large-scale movement of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to urban areas in the North, Midwest, and West. sig - Many African Americans left the South in search of better job opportunities in industrial cities. The North's growing industrial economy offered higher-paying jobs, especially in factories.The South was marked by racial segregation, disenfranchisement, and widespread discrimination. The harsh realities of Jim Crow laws (legalized racial segregation) and violent racism pushed many to seek better living conditions.
National association for the advancement of colored people
what - is one of the most influential civil rights organizations in the United States, focused on advocating for the rights and equality of African Americans. dedicated to ensuring the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights for all people, particularly African Americans. Its mission includes fighting against racial discrimination, promoting voting rights, and advocating for legal challenges to segregation and unfair laws.who - W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Mary White Ovington, and Moorfield Storey.when - founded in 1909 sig - antilynching campaigns, voting rights, and an important aspect of the civil rights movement
muckraking
a person who searches for and tries to expose real or alleged corruption, scandal, or wrongdoing especially in politics. exposed americas problems brought up by rapid industrialization Many muckrakers exposed monopolies, unethical practices by big corporations, and the exploitation of workers (especially in factories, railroads, and agriculture).(1890s-1920s) coined by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. sig - Muckrakers played a critical role in raising public awareness about social, political, and economic issues. Their work led to widespread calls for reform and changes in laws, including regulations on food and drug safety, labor rights, and antitrust laws.
knights of labor
when founded in 1869 by Uriah Smith Stephens and a small group of garment workers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. what - one of the largest and most influential labor organizations in the U.S. during the late 19th century. It advocated for better working conditions, fair wages, and social reforms, and was notable for including both skilled and unskilled workers, as well as women and African Americans.where - united states + penn sig - he Knights of Labor played a crucial role in advocating for workers' rights, such as the eight-hour workday, the end of child labor, and improved working conditions, include a wide range of workers, including women, African Americans, and unskilled laborers.
american federation of labor
who - a group of labor unions that combined to create a larger more powerful organization of skilled workers when - founded by Samuel Gompers, a key labor leader, in 1886 what - national federation of labor unions, originally focused on organizing skilled workers in various trades and industries.focused on practical economic goals, including better wages, shorter working hours, and improved working conditions.
haymarket square
who - labor leaders what - The Haymarket Square Riot began as a peaceful rally in support of the eight-hour workday. Near the end of the rally, a bomb was thrown at the police as they attempted to disperse the crowd. The explosion killed seven police officers and at least one civilian, and many others were injured. where - haymarket square in Chicago when - May 4, 1886.sig - struggles workers faced for better conditions and the eight-hour workday. It led to the criminalization of anarchism and labor activism in the U.S., but also inspired the global celebration of International Workers' Day (May Day) as a symbol of labor solidarity and workers' rights.
pullman strike
who - eugune v debs what - walkout by Pullman factory workers in response to wage cuts and high rents in the company town where - pullman illinois when - 1894 sig - significant setback for the American labor movement, as it showcased the power of the federal government and military to suppress labor unrest. helped to raise awareness of the harsh conditions faced by workers, particularly those in company towns, and contributed to growing support for labor reforms in the United States.a widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic; pullman palace car company had cut wages by a substantial amount; workers went on a strike and collaborated with the ARU (american railway union). aru created a boycott saying that all railroads had to sever ties with the pullman company or aru would not handle any pullman cars
andrew carnegie
who - founder of carnegie steel company what - he built into one of the largest and most profitable steel companies in the world. Through technological innovation and cost-cutting measures, he helped transform the U.S. steel industry, making it more efficient and competitive.where - pittsburgh, penn sig - major force behind the growth of the steel industry in the United States, which was crucial to the development of infrastructure like railroads, bridges, and buildings during the Industrial Revolution.
andrew d rockefeller
who - industrialist and philanthropist, best known for founding the Standard Oil Company + richest man in america what - founded Standard Oil, which grew to control about 90% of the U.S. oil industry by the 1880s. He achieved this dominance through aggressive strategies such as horizontal integration (buying out competitors) where - cleveland ohio sig -
booker t washington
Booker T. Washington was an influential African American educator and leader, best known for founding the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He advocated for vocational training and economic self-sufficiency for Black Americans, believing they should focus on education and work to earn respect before seeking political rights. His philosophy, expressed in the Atlanta Compromise speech, was criticized by some for being too conciliatory to white supremacy, but he remains a key figure in shaping Black education and economic advancement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
W.E.B DeBois
W.E.B. Du Bois was an influential African American scholar, writer, and civil rights leader born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 and was a prominent advocate for full civil rights, higher education, and political participation for Black Americans. Du Bois famously opposed Booker T. Washington's philosophy of vocational training and accommodation, arguing instead for intellectual and political activism. His concept of the "Talented Tenth" called for the top 10% of educated Black Americans to lead the fight for equality. Du Bois's key work, "The Souls of Black Folk" (1903), explored the Black experience and remains a cornerstone of African American thought. His advocacy shaped the direction of the civil rights movement and remains significant in the ongoing struggle for racial equality.
