♡ Levels of Culture, Cultural Intelligence, Cultural Dimensions, & Media in Society

levels of culture

• culture exists at multiple levels

• influencing how individuals perceive the world, communicate, & interact with others

global culture

• cultural patterns, values, & practices that transcend national boundaries

  • through globalization, technology, migration, & media

• increasing interconnectedness across societies

national culture

• shared values, beliefs, traditions, & norms

  • that distinguish one country from another

• influences how people perceive authority, individualism, uncertainty, & social relationships

regional/ethnic culture

• distinct traditions, languages, histories, & customs

  • practiced b y specific communities

• coexist with national identity

• contribute to cultural diversity

organizational culture

• shared assumptions, beliefs, values, & norms

  • that influence how members of an organization behave & work together

• shapes leadership, communication, decision making, & workplace relationships

group/family culture

• families, peer groups, & communities develop their own

• patterns, rituals, expectations, values

  • that influence members’ identities & behaviors from childhood onward

cultural intelligence (CQ)

• a person’s ability to effectively understand, communicate, & interact with people from different cultural backgrounds

• recognizing cultural differences

• adapting one’s behavior appropriately

• building meaningful relationships across cultures

Dr. David Livermore (2011)

• cultural intelligence

  • capability to relate & work effectively across cultures

• goes beyond knowing facts about other cultures

• requires awareness, motivation, knowledge, & skills

  • to respond appropriately in diverse cultural situations

• co-founder of CQ model

Soon Ang

• “Cultural intelligence refers to a person’s capability to function effectively in culturally diverse contexts”

• co-founder of CQ model

four components of cultural intelligence

• CQ drive

• CQ knowledge

• CQ strategy

• CQ action

CQ drive

• your creative compass

  • motivation to learn about & engage with other cultures

  • interest, confidence, & willingness to engage

CQ knowledge

• your cultural lens

  • understanding of how cultures are similar & different

    • including values, beliefs, communication styles & social norms

CQ strategy

• your inner editor

  • ability to plan for pause & adjust when working across culture

CQ action

• your story in motion

  • ability to adapt & behave in culturally appropriate ways

  • verbal & non-verbal behaviors to fit different cultural contexts

high & low context cultures

• introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall

  • to describe how different societies communicate

context

• information that surrounds an event

• is strongly connected with the event

high context cultures

• non-verbal communication is important

• information flows freely

• rely on physical context for information

  • environment, situation, guides, gestures, mood, cues, & hints are taken into account

• maintain extensive information network

• accustomed to interruptions

  • ex. China, Arab countries, Italy, Greece, Japan, Spain, France, Korea, India, Brazil, Russia

low context cultures

• less aware of non-verbal cues, environment, & situation

• lack well-developed networks

• need detailed background information

• tend to segment & compartmentalize information

• control information on a need-to-know basis

• value clear & straightforward language

• words spoken or written

  • ex. USA, Canada, Israel, German-speaking countries, Scandinavia, Poland

Geert Hofstede

• Dutch social psychologist

• developed a model to understand cultural differences across various nations

  • know as Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory

• conducted a pioneering study in the late 1960s & early 1970s

  • he identifies six dimensions

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory

• comprehensive framework

• to assess & compare cultural differences between countries

• 6 dimensions that represent distinct cultural aspects in societies

• used by businesses as well

• low - high

individualism vs. collectivism

• degree to which individuals are integrated into groups

  • individualism - societies in the USA, UK, & Australia

  • collectivism - societies in China, Chile, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, & Japan

masculinity vs. femininity

• distribution of emtional roles

  • masculinity - cultures in Jaoan, Hungary, & Italy

    • value traditional gender roles, competitiveness, assertiveness, & material success

    • femininity - cultures in Sweden, Norway, & Costa Rica

      • value relationships, quality of life, & caring for the weak

      • gender roles are more fluid

power distance index

• measures the extend to which less powerful members of organizations & institutions

• accept & expect that power is distributed unequally

  • high pdi - accept hierarchy order & centralized authority

  • low pdi - strive for equality & participative decision-making

uncertainty avoidance index

• deals with how comfortable or uncomfortable individuals are with the unknown

  • high uncertainty avoidance - Japan & Greece

    • take fewer risks & have more laws/principles governing them

  • low uncertainty avoidance - Singapore

    • take more risks & open to change

long/short term orientation

• long term - persistence, China

• short term - personal steadiness & stability, Philippines

intelligence vs. restraint

• intelligence - encourage taking time off

• restraint - Russia/Egypt place greater emphasis on self-control

media

• plural form of medium

• any channel of communication

• printed paper to digital data

• plays a transformative role in shaping society

types of traditional/old media

• print media

• broadcast media

• film/cinema

functions of media

• information function

• education function

• entertainment function

• surveilance of the enviroment

• catalyst for development - as carriers & advocates

• transmission of heritage